chapter 2 Flashcards
general aims for theories about mental disorders
- explain etiology (cause/origin) of behaviour
- identify factors that maintain behaviour
- predict course of disorder
- design effective treatments
primary proposed causes of mental disorders
- biological
- psychodynamic (freud)
- behavioural/cognitive-behavioural
- cognitive (dysfunctional thoughts/beliefs)
- socio-cultural influences
- humanistic/existential (interpersonal process)
when you only attribute the cause to one thing
reductionism
RDoC
- research domain criteria
- integrates info to understand mental illness
glial
- non neuronal cells
how many neurons does the human brain have
86 billion approx.
the ____ directs functioning of the autonomic nervous system and it controls _______
hindbrain, (digestion, breathing, and cardiovascular function)
The ______ is the centre of the reticular activating system and controls arousal levels
- midbrain (aka sleep-wake centre)
What does the forebrain control
- speech
- perception
- memory
- learning
- planning
recent theories about brain causes of psychopathology result more from _______ than to actual neural damage
neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters
- chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to another
t or f: nerve cells in the brain are connected
false
major neurotransmitters in research
- serotonin
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
- gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
how can psychopathology result from neurotransmitter systems?
- too much/too little neurotransmitters released into synapses
- too many/too few receptors on dendrites
- excess/deficit in amount of transmitter-deactivating substance in synapses
- too slow/fast re uptake process
brain plasticity
- capacity of the brain to reorganize its circuitry
what are the parts that make up the peripheral nervous system
- autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- somatic nervous system (controls muscles)
rest and digest is the ______ nervous system and fight or flight is the _______ nervous system
parasympathetic, sympathetic
HPA
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- activated in response to stressors
- communication between hypothalamus, pituitary glad, and adrenal cortex
- releases cortisol into bloodstream
concordant people
- when one person has a mental illness and the other is monitored and also shows the same illness
genetic linkage studies
- when illness is very present in families, researchers look for common genes that may be contributors
psychodynamic theories
- claim unconscious forces control behaviour
according to freud, what are the four features that together determine behaviour and thinking
- levels of consciousness
- structures of personality
- stages of psychosexual development
- defence mechanisms
levels of consciousness
- conscious (aware)
- preconscious (not in awareness but can readily be brought into awareness)
- unconscious (majority of memories/drives, difficult to raise to awareness)
structures of personality
- Id: instinctual drives, pleasure principal, no concern for consequences, instant gratification
- Ego: curbs the id, avoid pain/discomfort, no right or wrong, maximize unpunished pleasure, reality principal
- Superego: moral standards, moral principal, monitors the ego
psychosexual stages
- oral (birth-18 months)
- anal (18 months-3y/o)
- phallic (3-6y/o)
- latency (6-12y/o)
- genital (adolescence-death)
Defence mechanisms
- repression
- regression
- projection
- intellectualization
- denial
- displacement
- reaction formation
- sublimation
oedipal/electra complex
- occurs in phallic stage
- boys in love with their mom and jealous of their dad
- girls in love with their dad and jealous of their mom
castration anxiety
- fear boys have that their dad will mutilate their genitals to prevent them from involvement with their mom
early maladaptive schemas
- disconnection and rejection
- impaired autonomy and performance
- impaired limits
- excessive responsibility and standards
- unclassified schemas
social learning theory
- emphasizes role social context plays in learning
- learning occurs through observation of others not personal experience
- information from books, movies, tv included
CBT
- cognitive behavioural therapy
- challenges thoughts and behaviours
- thinking and behaviour are learned and can be changed
REBT
- Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
- emphasizes irrational beliefs leading to negative emotions/behaviours
- ABC model to explain life event, beliefs, and consequences
- irrational beliefs contributing to emotional disturbance
ABC model
- Activating event
- Beliefs
- Consequences
Beck’s cognitive model
- emotions and behaviour are influences by cog appraisals of events
- three main levels of cognition: schemas, info processing, and automatic thoughts
- EMS originate from aversive childhood experiences influencing thought, feelings and relationships
EMS
- early maladaptive schemas
Four major forms of mindfulness based interventions
- MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction)
- MBCT (Mindfulness based cognitive therapy)
- DBT (Dialectical behaviour therapy)
- ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy)
Who thought of the person centred theory of personality and what did it entail
- Carl Rogers
- self-fulfillment is achieved self acceptance, honesty, and trust
- distressing life events distort people’s perception of experience
Who believed that people are good and behave dysfunctionally as a result of experience that diverts from path of self actualization
Maslow
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs bottom to top
- psychological needs
- safety needs
- belongingness needs
- esteem needs
- self-actualization need
self-stigma vs public stigma
- public: society’s perception that seeking treatment is undesirable/unacceptable
- self: reduction of individual’s self esteem due to self labeling as unacceptable
system’s theory
- whole is more than sum of its parts
- causation=combined effect of many factors
- same end result can come from many possible causes
t or f: Maslow believed that the individual is responsible for their dysfunction and it is in their control
true
Diathesis stress perspective
- mental disorders are cause by a predisposition to developing a disorder interacting with experiences of stress
- may be bio or psychological
biopsychosocial model
- disorders result from interaction of bio, psychological, and social factors
- reciprocal relationship
