chapter 1 Flashcards
psychological abnormality
- behaviour, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that is generally expected of them in their context
What term is often used instead of psychological abnormalities
psychopathology (study of those with psychological abnormaities)
wakefield concluded that harmful dysfunction is the key notion. What is dysfunction referring to
- ‘failure of internal mechanisms to perform naturally selected functions
according to wakefield what two criteria does one need to fit in order to conclude that a behaviour is disordered
- scientific judgement that there is a failure of designed function
- value judgement that said failure harms the individual
t or f: wakefield argues that even if an individual may or may not be able to perform natural functions, their behaviour can still be called abnormal
false, unless the individual is unable to perform a natural function, it doesnt make sense to call a behaviour abnormal
how can abnormal and evolutionary psychology be linked?
- evolutionary: what doesnt help organisms reproduce can be considered dysfunctional
What relationship did Thomas Szaz believe mirrors that of psychiatrist/patient
church/witch
What are the four general attempts at recognizing behaviour as abnormal
- Diagnosis by professional
- Personal distress
- Statistical concept
- Violation of norms
In 1928, what act was passed deeming that those who were ‘mentally ill’ were to be sterilized to prevent deterioration of the general public’s intellect.
sexual sterilization act
What is the procedure called in old times when people would drill holes in the skull while people were alive and what are the explanations
- trephination
- hole to let out evil spirits
- remove bone splinters or blood clots from warfare
hippocrates
- father of modern medicine
- denied belief that psychological problems were caused by
intervention of gods/demons - ‘wandering uterus’>hysteria
disturbances in body fluid, or ________, were thought to have been the cause of mental illness
humours
Where were asylums established?
Arab cities
According to luther, what are the two different types of possession and what differentiates them
Corporally (bodily): one becomes mad
Spiritually: one is a witch
Paracelsus
- rejected the four humours theory and instead claimed mental illness resulted from disturbances of the spiritus vitae (breath of life)
- treated people with early version of hynosis
St Vitus’ dance
- aka tarantella
- people leaping/dancing/jumping around uncontrollably, sometimes convulsing
Johannes Wayner
- rejected exorcism
- advocated for natural/physical treatments
Where was the first mental institution in north america
- mexico, built by spaniards
where does the term lunatic stem from
- latin for moon, luna
- Paracelsus thought the moon to play a role in emotional and mental processing
bedlam
- rowdy, chaotic behaviour
- local corruption of Bethlehem
- come from disruption from residents of mental institutions being distracted by tourists
Pinel
- emphasized role of social and psychological factors that contribute to development of mental illness
- saw asylums as therapeutic
- treatment of pateints should be respectful
mental hygiene movement
- desire to protect people and provide humane treatment for those with mental illness
moral therapy
- a therapeutic approach that emphasized character and spiritual development, and called for kindness on the part of all who came in contact with the patient
biological approaches to causes of mental illness
- hereditary
- infections
- disordered brain chemistry
degeneration theory
- deviations from normal functioning are transmitted by hereditary processes and they progressively degrease over generations
- introduced by Benedict morel
What did Lombroso determine about criminality
- it is hereditary
- can be seen through the shape of a person’s skull
What did Emily Kraepelin do
- published ‘Clinical Psychiatry’ that attempted to classify mental illness
- coined groups of syndromes often occurring together as syndromes
- found that they also differed in age of onset and lifespan
- suggested that different disorders had different causes, thought all to be biological
GPI
- General paresis of the insane
- aka neurosyphilis
- untreated syphilis leads to this
- mania, grandiosa, and euphoria
-later: dementia/paralysis - cured through injection of either tuberculin or typhus
somatogenesis
- psychopathology is caused by biological factors
- soma=body
shock therapy
- cold water submersions
what illness were insulin induced comas used to (successfully) treat
schizophrenia
what did Meduna suggest would alleviate schizophrenia symptoms
- inducing convulsions/seizures by administration of Metrazol
- half recovered
ECT
- electroconvulsive therapy
- first done by Ugo Cerletti, after animal studies to determine lethal shock levels, 80-100 volts
- used to cause broken limbs/cracked vertebrae
curare
- poison from south american vine that when applied in small doses could relax the limbs of patients
- later replaced with succunylcholine
agonist vs antagonist
- agonist: facilitates production of acetylcholine
- antagonist: inhibits production
What was one of the first experiments that used drugs to combat anxiety
- drugs given to soldiers to calm them before surgery
- drug: chlorpromazine
psychological approaches of understanding mental illness
- hypnotism
- behaviourism
Anton Mesmer
- hysteria (aka conversion disorder)
- thought it was due to disturbed distribution of magnetic fluid
- treatment: touched by mesmer with rods that transmitted magnetic force that rearranges fluids and cures disorder
- paved way for hypnotism
cathartic method
- using hypnosis to allow patients to relive past events thought to have caused hysteria in order to exhaust the emotional problems that resulted from it
What did watson claim about problematic functuioning
that it resulted from unfortunate conditioning experiencesn
lobotomy
- surgical removal or disconnection of the frontal lobe
EBP
- evidence based practice
- reduces liability and increases accountability
- using evidence from research and other means to get best possible diagnoses???/÷?
