chapter 5

Question 1

three components of emotion

Answer 1

• physiological
• cognitive
• behavioural

Question 2

Freuds view on anxiety

Answer 2

• two types: objective fears and neurotic anxiety
• neurotic: stems from ego about unwanted drive
• ego initiates defence against internal pressures

Question 3

examples of anxiety disorders

Answer 3

• agoraphobia
• social anxiety disorder
• panic disorder
• generalized anxiety disorder
• specific phobia

Question 4

biological factors of anxiety

Answer 4

• genetics, 30-50% hereditary
• neurotransmitters/ neuroanatomy mechanisms (amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, brain stem, and spinal chord)

Question 5

psychological factors of anxiety

Answer 5

• behavioural factors (conditioning)
  -cognitive factors (biased perceptions, see the world as dangerous)
• Interpersonal Factors ( attachment styles)

Question 6

Mowrer two factor theory

Answer 6

• fears develop through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning (avoidance, etc)

Question 7

Barlow’s triple vulnerable etiology for anxiety

Answer 7

• biological
• non specific psychological
• specific psychological

Question 8

Panic disorder

Answer 8

• must have recurrent unexpected panic attacks (2 for diagnosis)
• 4/13 symptoms (psycho and physio)
• assessment: clinical interview, behavioural measurement, psychophsiological tests, self-report

Question 9

Agoraphobia

Answer 9

• fear of being in situations where you cannot escape, help is not available
• panic attacks often trigger agoraphobia
• avoid fear situations

Question 10

Alarm theory

Answer 10

• panic attack result from false alarm response to emotional cues

Question 11

specific phobia

Answer 11

• types: situational, animal, Blood injury injection (BII), natural environmental, and other
• diagnosis: persistent fear, exposure causes unreasonable distress, interfere w everyday

Question 12

SAD

Answer 12

• social anxiety disorder
• lasts 6 or more months
• most social settings, or specific activities
• fear of being negatively evaluated
• intense
• diagnosis: structured/semistructured interview, self report

Question 13

GAD

Answer 13

• generalized anxiety disorder
• pathological worry (essessive, chronic)
• diagnosis: excessive worry most days over 6 months, difficulty controlling worrying, 3 or more symptoms (restless, tired easy, difficulty concentrating, irritability, tension, sleep prob)
• worry about everything rather than specific domain

Question 14

OCD

Answer 14

• obsessive compulsive disorder
• recurrent obsession and compulsions
  -presence of either O or C
• intrusiveness/ uncontrollable/ unwanted
• subtype: contamination/washing, need for order/symmetry, and checking behaviours
• basil ganglia and frontal cortex

Question 15

Obsessions and compulsions

Answer 15

• obsession: uncontrollable thoughts or ideas
• Compulsions: behaviours that are intended to reduce anxiety

Question 16

TAF

Answer 16

• thought action fusion
• fusion of thoughts and behaviours
• likelihood (thinking increases probability of coming true) and moral (having a thought is the same as doing said thought)

Question 17

BDD

Answer 17

• Body dysmorphic disorder
• flaws of physical appearance
• cog distortions, obsessions and compulsions
• treatment: cognitive behavioural approaches (exposure and response prevention (ERP), and meds (SSRIs))
• suffer many hours each day
• high suicide rate

Question 18

PTSD

Answer 18

• post traumatic stress disorder
• diagnosis: exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence

Question 19

types of ptsd symtoms

Answer 19

• intrusion: involuntary memories, distressing dreams, dissociative reactions
• avoidance symptoms: avoid external reminders, memories or thoughts
• alterations in cog and mood: inability to remember, neg beliefs/expectations, neg emotional state
• alterations in arousal/ reaction: outbursts, reckless, hyper vigilance, exaggerated startle, sleep disturbance, concentration issues
• flashbacks, episodes

Question 20

Dual representation theory

Answer 20

• trauma memories stored in non verbal sensory based form, non trauma verbal.

Question 21

mean making theories

Answer 21

• trauma makes ppl integrate beliefs w realities faced

Question 22

Treatment for anxiety and related disorders

Answer 22

• Psychological interventions: exposure based behavioural interventions, Cognitive behavioural therapy, cost effectiveness, cognitive restructuring, thought records, exposure, desensitization, Worry imagery exposed
• Pharmacotherapy: Benzodiazepines, antidepressants

Question 23

Hot cognitions

Answer 23

• deep cognitive change, connecting cognitions to emotionally charged responses
• thoughts linked to significant emotional reactions

Question 24

organic vs dissociative amnesia

Answer 24

• medical examination: d=no physical abnormalities, o=brain damage
• nature of memory loss: d=triggered by trauma, o=specific brain regions/functions, slow decline
• presence of psycho factors: d=trauma cause, o=brain cause
• different treatment
• onset: o=gradual or sudden, d=spontaneous

Question 25

DID

Answer 25

• diagnosis: two or more identities, recurrent gaps in memory, disruption in identity, distress/impairment
• features: host personalty, alters, amnesia between identities, trauma as a factor, comorbidity
• treatment: psychotherapy (CBT, DBT, EMDR), medication (for symptoms), and collaboration and safety planning

Question 26

Depersonalization/ derealization disorder

Answer 26

• robot-like sensation
• chronic
• highly comorbid
• treatment: psychotherapy, medication, mindfulness/relaxation techniques, collaborative care

Question 27

causes for disassociation disorders

Answer 27

• trauma: adaptive response, diathesis stress formulation, genetic factors, neurobiological correlates, attachment
• socio cognitive: socially learned, cultural influence, skepticism

Question 28

feigned symptoms

Answer 28

exaggerating existing symptoms

Question 29

treatment for dissociative disorders

Answer 29

• medication
• hypnosis
• psychotherapy (must establish safety)
• neurosurgical (rTMS)

Question 30

somatic symptom and related disorders

Answer 30

• somatic symptom disorder (illness may or may not be present)
• illness anxiety (worry about serious illness w out actual illness present)
• functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion, affect voluntary motor/sensory function)
• factitious disorder (faking/inducing illness symptoms for attention/sympathy/care)

Question 31

conversion disorder

Answer 31

• no underlying medical condition, but loss of functioning in part of the body
• symptoms: motor/sensory deficit, seizure like behaviours
• medical evaluation for diagnosis after medical issue ruled out
• diagnosis criteria: inconsistencies overtime, unusual symptom patterns, physiological inconsistancies
• fMRI

Question 32

SSD

Answer 32

• somatic symtom disorder
• many somatic symptoms, may or may not be diagnosed with medical disease
• symptoms cause distress in life
• anxiety abt health/symptoms
• medical seeking behaviour
• sensitive to minor body symptoms (misinterpretation)
• long term process of illness and disease

Question 33

illness anxiety disorder

Answer 33

• fear of having disease even though they have no disease
• no bodily symptoms, only concerned with being ill
• illness preoccupation for at least 6 months

Question 34

factitious disorder

Answer 34

• munchausen
• fake symptoms or illness for sympathy/attention
• ## no external reward (insurance money)

Question 35

treatment of somatic disorders

Answer 35

• meds (antidepressants)
• psychotherapy