chapter 14: neurodevelopmental disorders

Question 1

diagnosis needs for intellectual disability

Answer 1

• decifits in intelectual functions
• deficits in adaptive functioning and unable to meet standards for independence without help
• onset of deficits during developmental period

Question 2

what is severity level based on

Answer 2

• adaptive functioning
• NOT IQ score

Question 3

diagnosis for intellectual disabilities

Answer 3

• basic: IQ and psychometric testing
• deficit in adaptive behaviour
• assessment of independent functioning
• assessment of adaptive behaviour (conceptual, social, practical abilities)
• interviews
• surveys

Question 4

severity levels of IDs

Answer 4

• mild (not much support needed)
• moderate (limited support)
• severe (requires support)
• profound (depends on support)

Question 5

why are IQ scores not always accurate for ID diagnoses

Answer 5

• biased (doesnt take into account exposure/lack thereof)
• does take sensory, motor, and language deficits into account

Question 6

adaptive behaviours

Answer 6

• daily living skills
• four categories: communication, daily/personal living skills, socialization/social interaction, and motor skills

Question 7

concerns with interviews for diagnosis

Answer 7

• cloak of competence: when individuals with IDs mask their cognitive difficulties to blend in/pass
• acquiescence: tendency to agree with interviewers

Question 8

Etiology of neurodev disorders

Answer 8

• depends on the case
• genetics
• environment
• nature+nurture
• prenatal (chromosomes, metabolic disorders, neural tube deficits, enviro [drugs, malnutrition, disease etc])
• perinatal (neonatal disorders, intrauterine)
• postnatal (infections, seizures, malnutrition, injury, deprivation)

Question 9

t or f: genetic causes of mild IDs is less studied than those with moderate/severe

Answer 9

true

Question 10

____, ____, and ____ genetic variants have been associated with neurodev disorders like autism, ADHD, and ID

Answer 10

rare, common, and copy

Question 11

which are less common: single or multiple gene disorders

Answer 11

single gene disorders

Question 12

three types of gene inheritance

Answer 12

• dominant: operates no matter what, 50% chance of inheriting the normal or defective gene from parent
• recessive: both parents need gene for it to be passed on
• sex/X-linked: abnormal gene on X chromosome

Question 13

inherited disorders can be identified through a _____ test

Answer 13

blood

Question 14

Down syndrome

Answer 14

• three types: trisomy 21 (most common, extra chromosome on pair 21), translocation (part of the 21st chromosome breaks off and attaches to another), mosaicism (uneven cell division, some cells have 47 chromosomes some 45)
• possible detection through prenatal screening (Maternal serum screening, amniocentesis)

Question 15

PKU

Answer 15

• phenylketonuria
• best known rare metabolic disorder causing IDs
• inborn error of metabolism
• recessive gene passed from both parents
• unable to process amino acid phenylalanine
• detected by blood test and prevented by no protein high veg and fruit diet

Question 16

essential ingredients for development of young children

Answer 16

• encouraged curiosity
• organizational assistance
• positive reinforcement

Question 17

fragile x symdrome

Answer 17

• weakened or fragile site on X chromosome
• some overlap with autism
• more present in boys, they have more difficulty with cognitive function

Question 18

what is considered in community integration of ppl with IDs

Answer 18

• # of activities within the community
• # of personal relationships
• frequency of access to community resources
• # of leisure activities outside the home
• often use info from parents/caregiver/teachers not the person themselves

Question 19

Quality of life

Answer 19

• three components: ‘being’, ‘belonging’, and ‘becoming’

Question 20

diagnostic overshadowing

Answer 20

• missing psychiatric disorder diagnoses as symptoms are blamed solely on dev disorders

Question 21

dual diagnosis

Answer 21

• the co-occurrence of serious behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities
• biopsychosocial approach for diagnosis and treatment

Question 22

dignity of risk

Answer 22

• rights of individuals to choose to take risk in engaging in life experiences

Question 23

ASD

Answer 23

• autism spectrum disorder
• symptoms: deficit in social interactions/communication (reciprocity, development, etc)
• three levels: level 3 (requires very substantial support/severe), level 2 (requires substantial support/moderate), level 1 (requires support)
• predictors: development of functional speech by age 5 and behaviour difficulties aged 3 and 4

Question 24

exceptional ability in areas ex math, music, memory, etc (ASD)

Answer 24

savants

Question 25

diagnosis of autism

Answer 25

• by a team (psychologist, psychiatrist, speech lang pathologist, occupational therapist, teacher)

Question 26

treatment for autism

Answer 26

• meds (SSRIs)
• behavioural (applied behavioural analysis, naturalistic dev behavioural interventions, augmentative and alternative communication)

Question 27

learning disorders

Answer 27

• difficulties in intellectual functionings
• disruption to normal pattern of explicit learning of academic skills
• essential features: persistent difficulty learning using key academic skills despite interventions, academic performance below chronological age, learning difficulties in school years, no other known cause
• persistent for 6 months

Question 28

what is the most common learning disorder

Answer 28

reading disorders

Question 29

hypotheses about learning disabilities in youth

Answer 29

• school failure: learning disabilities put youth at high risk for academic failure
• susceptibility theory: youth w learning disabilities and probs w mental illness are more vulnerable to opportunities of delinquent behaviour