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General Bio I > Chapter 9 (Respiration and Fermentation) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Respiration and Fermentation) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

transfer of electrons during chemical reactions aka one molecule gains electrons while the other molecule loses electrons

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2
Q

What happens in oxidation?

A

a substance loses electrons and increases the overall positive charge of a molecule

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3
Q

What happens in reduction?

A

a substance gains electrons and increases the overall negative charge of a molecule

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4
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

influences other molecules to gain electrons

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5
Q

What is an oxidizing agent?

A

influences other molecules to lose electrons

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6
Q

What are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A

NAD+ and FAD+

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7
Q

How is NAD+ made?

A

the electrons from organic compounds like coenzyme Niacin from vitamin B3 (niacin) are transferred to make NAD+

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8
Q

What are dehydrogenase enzymes?

A

enzymes that take away hydrogens from organic molecules like NADH and FADH2 to make NAD+ + H+ and FAD+ + H+

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9
Q

What is the reduced form of NAD+?

A

NADH

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10
Q

What is the purpose of NADH?

A

stores energy and carries electrons

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11
Q

What does NAD+ stand for?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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12
Q

What is the structure of NAD+?

A

nicotinamide, ribose, phosphate group

adenine, ribose, phosphate group

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13
Q

What is NADPH?

A

has an extra phosphate group attached to ribose ring at bottom

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14
Q

What is the reduced form of FAD+?

A

FADH2

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15
Q

What is the purpose of FAD+?

A

stores energy and carries electrons

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16
Q

What does FAD+ stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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17
Q

What is the structure of FAD+?

A

adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose, 2 phosphate group (ADP)
ribitol (the sugar chain)
flavin (nitrogenous base)

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18
Q

Where does energy come from in an ecosystem?

A

light, the sun

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19
Q

How does energy exit from an ecosystem?

A

thermal energy, heat

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20
Q

What materials does photosynthesis require for the process to happen?

A

energy + H2O + CO2

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21
Q

What does photosynthesis create?

A

O2 + organic molecules

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22
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

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23
Q

What materials does cellular respiration require for the process to happen?

A

organic molecules + O2

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24
Q

What does cellular respiration create?

A

energy + H2O + CO2

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25
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

consumes organic molecules AND O2 to yield ATP

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26
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

consumes compounds that are NOT O2 to make ATP

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27
Q

What is fermentation?

A

anaerobic process, NOT RESPiRATION that takes partial degradation of sugars without O2

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28
Q

What type of reaction is cellular respiration with glucose?

A

redox reaction

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29
Q

How much ATP does glucose make?

A

about 32 ATP molecules

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30
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

1) glycolysis
2) citric acid cycle
3) oxidative phosphorylation

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31
Q

What does glucose become in glycolysis?

A

glucose becomes 2 pyruvate molecules + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H2O

6 carbon molecules to two 3 carbon molecules

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32
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

outside the mitochondria, in the cytosol

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33
Q

What are the reactants and products of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 pyruvate becomes CO2 + ATP + NADH + FADH2

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34
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle happen?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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35
Q

What are the parts of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electrons transport chain and chemiosmosis

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36
Q

What are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH, FADH2, O2, and ADP

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37
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NAD+, FAD+, H2O, ATP

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38
Q

What step in cellular respiration generates the most ATP?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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39
Q

Why does oxidative phosphorylation produce the most ATP?

A

because it is powered by redox reactions

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40
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation is used where?

A

glycolysis and krebs cycle

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41
Q

What are kinase enzymes?

A

enzymes that take phosphate group from one reactant and move it to the product

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42
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic, doesn’t necessarily need oxygen to work

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43
Q

What organism did glycolysis probably evolve from?

A

prokaryotes

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44
Q

What are the phases of glycolysis?

A

the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase?

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45
Q

What happens in the energy investment phase in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP invest to make 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate

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46
Q

How many steps does the energy investment phase in glycolysis have?

A

5 steps

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47
Q

What is the first step of the energy investment phase in glycolysis?

A

hexokinase enzyme uses 1ATP to attach phosphate to glucose

glucose becomes glucose 6-phosphate and gains energy by using 1ATP from being phosphorylated

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48
Q

What is the second step of the energy investment phase in glycolysis?

A

phosphoglucoseisomerase enzyme glucose 6-phosphate converted into isomer fructose 6-phosphate with more energy

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49
Q

What is the third step of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase enzyme uses 1ATP to attach phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
fructose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 1, 6-biphosphate with more energy

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50
Q

What is the fourth step of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

aldolase enzyme splits fructose 1,6-biphosphate into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP)

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51
Q

What is the fifth step of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

triosephosphate isomerase enzyme converts Dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate (G3P)

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52
Q

What is the mnemonic for glycolysis?

A 
Goodness
Gracious!
Father
Franklin
Didn't 
Go
Buy
Perfect
Pumpkins to
Prepare
Pies
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53
Q

What is the mnemonic for glycolysis enzymes?

A 
Hungry
Peter
Pan 
And
The
Growling
Pink
Panther
Eat
Pies
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54
Q

How many steps are in the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

A

5 steps

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55
Q

What is the sixth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

A

triose phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme converts glyceraldehyde phopshate to produce 1,3biphosphoglycerate and 2 NADH + H+ as the NAD+ picks up electrons as GAP is getting oxidized and phosphorylated

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56
Q

What is the seventh step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

A

phosphoglycerokinase removes a phosphate group from 2 1,3 biphosphoglycerate molecules and adds it to ATP to make 2ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate

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57
Q

How many times does the energy payoff phase happen in glycolysis?

A

2 times

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58
Q

What is the eighth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

A

phosphoglyceromutase transfers remaining phosphate from 3-phosphoglycerate to the center carbon of the same molecule to make it less stable to make 2-phosphoglycerate

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59
Q

What is the ninth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

A

enolase removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate (2x from the 2 pyruvate) to form 2 phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) molecules

60
Q

What is the tenth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase transfers the 2 phosphates from the 2 PEP molecules to make 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP

61
Q

What happens to pyruvate before it goes into the Krebs cycle?

A

pyruvate turn into acetal coA

62
Q

What is the first step in the conversion of pyruvate to acetal coA?

A

decarboxylation

63
Q

What happens in decarboxylation?

A

removal of CO2 from pyruvate to form acetaldehyde (toxic to cell)

64
Q

What is the second step in the conversion of pyruvate to acetal coA?

A

transfer of electrons to reduce NAD+ to NADH to form acetate

65
Q

What is the third step in the conversion of pyruvate to acetal coA?

A

coenzyme A (vitamin B5) is added to the molecule to produce acetyl CoA

66
Q

What is the mnemonic for the steps in the Krebs cycle?

A

Anaheim, our city is kept safe and sound from malice obsession

67
Q

During cellular respiration in general, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?

A

glucose is oxidized to become CO2 and oxygen is reduced as it accepts electrons and recruits protons from proton gradient to form H2O

68
Q

Is cellular respiration overall an exergonic or endergonic reaction?

A

exergonic

69
Q

Does NAD+ function as an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?

A

oxidizing agent because it accepts electron

70
Q

What process directly harnesses the light energy from the sun?

A

photosynthesis

71
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplasts

72
Q

What is cellular respiration for?

A

the process that extracts the energy from the organic molecules produced from photosynthesis

73
Q

What is the input molecule for cellular respiration?

A

glucose

74
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

intermembrane space (space between the membrane of the matrix and the membrane of the mitochondria)

75
Q

In which cycle do a small amount of ATP get produced?

A

glycolysis and Krebs cycle

76
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

single enzymatic reaction will produce a single molecule of ATP

77
Q

Which process occurs in nearly all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

glycolysis

78
Q

Glycolysis not needing oxygen to work, suggests what in terms of evolution?

A

probably developed before there was oxygen in the atmosphere

79
Q

What happens in the energy payoff phase?

A

2 GAP turns into 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2NADH, 2 H2O

80
Q

How many ATP invested in the energy investment phase in glycolysis?

A

2ATP

81
Q

How many ATP created in the energy payoff phase?

A

4 ATP but only count 2ATP because the 2ATP is used in the first stage of glycolysis

82
Q

Why does the pyruvate have to turn into acetal coA?

A

to get into the mitochondria

83
Q

How many times does the citric acid cycle happen?

A

2 times

84
Q

How many ATP does citric acid cycle produce?

A

2 ATP in total (after 2 turns)

85
Q

How many NADH is being made in citric acid cycle in total (after two cycles)?

A

6 NADH (3 per cycle)

86
Q

How many FADH2 is being made in the citric acid cycle in total (after two cycles)?

A

2 FADH2 (1 per cycle)

87
Q

Why is there more NADH being produced in the citric acid cycle than FADH2?

A

NADH carries more energy pent up in the molecular form that can donate more energy later

88
Q

How many steps does the citric acid cycle take?

A

8 steps

89
Q

What is the first step in the citric acid cycle? (irreversabile)

A 
citrate synthase (IRREVERSABLE)
oxaloacetate + acetal CoA --->  citrate
90
Q

How much of the carbon from glycolysis stays at the end of the citric acid cycle?

A

no more carbon left

91
Q

What is the final organic molecule created from the Krebs cycle?

A

oxaloacetate

92
Q

What is the second step in the citric acid cycle?

A

isomerase converts citrate into isocitrate

93
Q

What is the third step in the citric acid cycle? (irreversible)

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase adds hydrogen to NAD+ to form NADH+ and a-ketoglutarate with CO2 as a waste product

94
Q

What is the fourth step in the citric acid cycle? (irreversible)

A

a-ketoglutarates dehydrogenase adds hydrogen to NAD+ to form NADH and succinyl coA with CO2 as a waste product

95
Q

What is the fifth step in the citric acid cycle?

A

succinal coA synthase created succinate and ATP

96
Q

What is the sixth step in the citric acid cycle?

A

succinate dehydrogenase creates fumarate and adds a hydrogen to FAD+ to make FADH2

97
Q

What is the seventh step in the citric acid cycle?

A

fumarase creates malate by adding water

98
Q

What is the eighth step in the citric acid cycle?

A

malate dehydrogenase creates NADH by adding H to NAD+ and also creates oxaloacetate

99
Q

What can glycolysis produce if there is too much ATP produced by taking a different pathway called _____ synthesis?

A

glycogen

100
Q

What else can the citric acid cycle produce?

A

before the citric acid, acetal coA can become urea, or fatty acids via beta oxidation (lipid breakdown), ketogenesis (lipid metabolism), and even lipid synthesis (palmitate)

101
Q

Why do FADH2 and NADH donate electrons in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electroneagtivity of the oxygen (electron acceptor that wants to hoard the H+)

102
Q

What kind of energy does the proton pump generate?

A

potential energy

103
Q

Where is the electron transport chain taking place?

A

intermembrane space (aka inner membrane)

104
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

old family of enzymes that contain iron ions (called heme)

105
Q

Does the electron transport chain generate energy?

A

NO

106
Q

How many ATP does 1 NADH produce?

A

2.5 ATP

107
Q

How many ATP does 1 FADH2 produce?

A

1.5 ATP

108
Q

What are prosthetic groups?

A

areas of molecules and proteins that engage in redox reactions (cytochromes for example)

109
Q

Is coQ a part of the 4 complexes of the etc?

A

no, it is not a protein component

110
Q

Is CoQ lipid soluble or not?

A

yes, that means it is NOT protein based

111
Q

Which two complexes don’t work sequentially?

A

complex I and complex II since the electron can either go to 1 or 2 (parallel system)

112
Q

What two complexes work sequentially?

A

complex III and complex IV

113
Q

What is the first step of the etc chain?

A

NADH donates proton (and electron) to complex I
FMN (flavin mononucleotide) gets reduced and passes electron to iron sulfur cluster as 4 H+ gets released into intermembrane space

114
Q

What are iron sulfur clusters?

A

evolutionary old structural format system that allows electrons be moved (engage in redox reactions)

115
Q

What is the second step of the etc chain?

A

electrons flow to coQ (non protein component)

coQ becomes reduced to coQH2

116
Q

What is the third step in the etc chain?

A

if coQ picks up electrons, then it heads over to complex III

for complex II, its called succinate dehydrogenase
FAD+ integrated into it gets reduced into FADH electrons get picked up by iron sulfur cluster

117
Q

What is the fourth step in the etc?

A

coQ picks up electrons to become coQH

118
Q

What is the fifth step in the etc?

A

electrons go to cytochrome b , iron sulfur cluster picks up electrons and then those electrons get transferred to mobile water soluble cyt. c to release 4 H+

119
Q

What is the is sixth step in the etc?

A

cyt.c shuttles electrons from complex III to complex IV

120
Q

What is the seventh step in the etc?

A

cyt. c brings over the electrons and adds to copper (pump 2 H+ out) so that oxygen comes by as the final electron acceptor to make water as a waste product

121
Q

What is the first step in chemiosmosis?

A

flow of ion gradient as potential energy, atp synthase converts the energy from the ion gradient and stores it in ATP

122
Q

What is the “proton motor force”?

A

another term for chemiosmosis

123
Q

Why would a cell choose to use fermentation?

A

accomplish the goal to regenerate electron carriers in the oxidative form (NAD+ and FAD+)

124
Q

Is fermentation slow-acting or fast-acting?

A

slow-acting

125
Q

What are the two options for fermentation?

A

alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation

126
Q

What is the first step in alcohol fermentation?

A

glucose to pyruvate (glycolysis) that generate 2 net ATP and 2 NADH

127
Q

What is the second step in alcohol fermentation?

A

pyruvate gets decarboxylated to 2 acetaldehyde (toxic) + NAD+ and 2 CO2 as a waste product

128
Q

What is the third step in alcohol fermentation?

A

2 acetaldehyde gets converted into 2 ethanol as NADH gets converted back to NAD+ to give up electrons for ethanol to accept

129
Q

Where is alcohol fermentation used?

A

yeast used in brewing, winemaking, baking

130
Q

What is the first step in alcohol fermentation?

A

glycolysis (2 pyruvates, 2NADH, 2ATP)

131
Q

What is the second step in lactate fermentation?

A

NO DECARBOXILATION NO CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCED, pyruvates reduced (accepts electrons from NADH) and becomes 2 lactate

132
Q

Which fermentation process doesn’t produce carbon dioxide as a waste product?

A

lactic acid fermentation

133
Q

When is lactic acid fermentation used?

A

muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when oxygen was scarce

134
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in respiration?

A

oxygen

135
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

the organic molecule (can either be ethanol or lactate)

136
Q

How much ATP does cellular respiration usually produce per glucose molecule?

A

38 ATP

137
Q

How much ATP does fermentation usually produce per glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP

138
Q

What is the B2 vitamin?

A

FAD raw material

139
Q

What is the B3 vitamin?

A

NAD raw material

140
Q

What is the B1 vitamin?

A

giving raw material cofactors for efficiency of the cycle

141
Q

What is the B5 vitamin?

A

pantothenic acid, building block for coA

142
Q

What is the B6 vitamin?

A

pyridoxamine, breaks down glycogen to get sugar rings

143
Q

What is the B9 vitamin?

A

folate/ folic acid, byproducts produce amino acids

144
Q

What is the B12 vitamin?

A

with the help of B9, used for porphyrin rings (structure like heme) Fe in the middle = heme, Mg in the middle = chlorophyll

145
Q

Where is heme located in the cell cycle?

A

cytochrome c

General Bio I (18 decks)

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