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General Bio I > Chapter 14 (Classical Genetics) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 (Classical Genetics) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What principles account for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring?

A

parents pass on discrete heritable units—genes—

that retain their separate identities in offspring.

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2
Q

Who started the foundation for modern genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

What did Mendel use for his experiments?

A

pea plants

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4
Q

Why did Mendel use pea plants?

A

generation of many offspring

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5
Q

What did Mendel choose to track?

A

only characteristics that showed up in two alternate forms (like color purple and white)

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6
Q

What did Mendel use to begin his experiments with?

A

true-breeding pea plants

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7
Q

What is the P generation?

A

parental generation

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8
Q

What is the F1 generation?

A

1st generation (offspring of parents)

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9
Q

What is the F2 generation?

A

offspring of the first generation

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10
Q

What is hybridization?

A

mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties

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11
Q

What were the laws that Mendel discovered?

A

Law of Independent Assortment and Law of Segregation

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12
Q

How did the pea experiment contribute to the Law of Segregation?

A

F1 generation had distinct colors matching either one of the parents, no blending happened. Rather, one trait disappeared then reappeared

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13
Q

What was the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation in the pea experiment?

A

3:1

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14
Q

What was the genotypic ratio of the F2 generation in the pea experiment?

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

physical appearance

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16
Q

What is a genotype?

A

genetic makeup

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17
Q

What does a punnet square describe?

A

all possible results and statistic predictions of a genetic cross

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18
Q

How do you represent a dominant allele?

A

capital letter

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19
Q

How do you represent a recessive allele?

A

lowercase letter

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20
Q

What can a genotype be of a dominant phenotype be?

A

ex: PP or Pp

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21
Q

What accounts for variations of different genes?

A

alternate versions of the gene existing on a locus as an allele

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22
Q

How many alleles are inherited for each trait?

A

2 alleles per trait (each from parent)

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23
Q

If two alleles at a locus differ then how does it affect the effects of dominance and recessive-ness

A

dominant allele determines the appearance while recessive allele has no affect on appearance

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24
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

2 alleles separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

25
Q

What is homozygote/homozygous?

A

organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene, TRUE BREEDING

26
Q

What is heterozygous/heterozygote?

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a gene, NOT TRUE BREEDING

27
Q

What did Mendel follow to come up with the law of independent assortment?

A

following two traits (like color and shape)

28
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

cross between only one hybrid and a true-breeding

29
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

cross between two hybrids

30
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

31
Q

What does the Law of Independent Assortment State?

A

genes are packaged into gametes in all possible allelic combinations, as long as each gamete has one allele for each gene and do so independently

32
Q

What does the Law of Independent Assortment apply to?

A

alleles on different chromosomes that ARE NOT HOMOLOGS or genes that are very far apart

33
Q

Do you multiple or add when it comes to calculating probability with two or more independent events happening sequentially?

A

multiply

34
Q

Do you multiple or add when you want to calculate the probability that one or more events will happen?

A

add

35
Q

What should the probability for a set of outcomes equal?

A

1

36
Q

What are the situations in which Mendelian genetics doesn’t apply to a single gene?

A

When alleles are not completely dominant or recessive

When a gene has more than two alleles

37
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

one allele always looks like one of the two parents (one plant always purple with purple and white parents)

38
Q

What are the degrees of dominance?

A

complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance

39
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

one allele not dominant over the other, phenotype is like a mix of parent varieties (red and white allele make pink offspring)

40
Q

What is codominance?

A

two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways (blood type)

41
Q

What is pleiotrophy?

A

Most genes, however, have multiple phenotypic effects (ex: gene that determines color also determines thickness of the coating of that color) (ex: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell)

42
Q

What are the effects of a single gene?

A

degree of dominance, multiple alleles, pleiotrophy

43
Q

What are the effects of multiple genes?

A

idea that expression of gene #2 depends on the expression of gene #1, but gene #1 becomes inactive, then the expression of gene #2 will not occur

44
Q

What is epistasis?

A

phenotype depends on the activation of 2 or more genes

45
Q

What does polygenic inheritance include?

A

quantitative characters

46
Q

Epistatic interactions of modifications of which ratio?

A

9:3:3:1

47
Q

What are quantitative characters?

A

the measurable phenotype that depends on the action of many genes working together (aka height and skin color)

48
Q

What kind of inheritance pattern does quantitative variation indicate (aka a curve)?

A

polygenic inheritance

49
Q

How is a genotype related to phenotype in terms of the environment?

A

with a range of phenotypic possibilities due to environmental influences

50
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

the family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

51
Q

Dominantly inherited disorders are caused by..

A

presence of only 1 dominant allele

52
Q

Recessively inherited disorders show up by…

A

individuals homozygous for the allele

53
Q

What are carriers?

A

heterozygotes carry a recessive allele but have normal phenotype

54
Q

Why does recessive inheritance of a gene increase when mating within a family?

A

people with recent common ancestors are more likely to carry the same recessive alleles than are unrelated people

55
Q

What are the possibilities of trait patterns in a pedigree?

A

autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, Y-linked

56
Q

Are sex-linked disorders common more in women or men?

A

men

57
Q

For a recessive sex-linked trait to be expressed, what does a female need?

A

homozygous (2 recessive X)

58
Q

For a recessive sex-linked trait to be expressed, what does a male need?

A

one recessive X allele

General Bio I (18 decks)

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