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General Bio I > Chapter 12 (Cell Division) > Flashcards

Chapter 12 (Cell Division) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the continuity of life-based on?

A

cell division

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2
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

life of a cell aka formation to the division

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3
Q

What does cell division result in?

A

two daughter cells that are genetically identical to 1 parent cell

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4
Q

What are the types of cells?

A

somatic cells and gametes

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5
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

non-reproductive cells that are found all over the body and have two sets of chromosomes

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6
Q

What is a cell that has two sets of chromosomes called?

A

diploid cell

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7
Q

What are gametes?

A

reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that have half as many chromosomes

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8
Q

What are gametes for?

A

utilization for the next generation of organisms

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9
Q

What is a cell that has half as many chromosomes called?

A

haploid cell

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10
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA that is loosely wrapped around proteins/complex of DNA and proteins

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11
Q

Where is chromatin found?

A

the nucleus

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12
Q

What protein is wrapped around the DNA in chromatin?

A

histone proteins

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13
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

condensed chromatin aka condensed DNA

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14
Q

What are chromatids?

A

the long part that is replicated and attached to the original chromosome

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15
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

identical copies of chromosomes that is due to the replication of DNA

I (chromosome) —> I.I (sister chromatids) —-> I I distributed

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16
Q

What is the centromere?

A

where two sister chromatids are most closely attached

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17
Q

What are the sister chromatids held together at the centromere by?

A

cohesin proteins

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18
Q

What are the two main phases the cell cycle consists of?

A

mitotic phase (M phase) and Intererphase

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19
Q

What are the steps of the M-phase?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

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20
Q

What is mitosis?

A

division of the nucleus (a division of the chromosomes)

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21
Q

How much of the cell’s life is in the M-phase?

A

10 percent

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22
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

division of the rest of the cell and the content within the cytoplasm

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23
Q

What is the result of the M-phase?

A

two daughter cells that go into their own cell cycle

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24
Q

What is interphase?

A

rest of the cell cycle that excludes the M-phase

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25
Q

How much of the cell’s life is in the Interphase?

A

90%

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26
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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27
Q

What is the G1 and G2 phases of interphase?

A

cell functioning and growth

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28
Q

What is the S (synthesis) phase of the interphase?

A

DNA replication THAT HAPPENS BEFORE MEIOSIS/MITOSIS so that there is enough genetic material for daughter cells in the cell division

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29
Q

When does the S phase happen?

A

before mitosis/meiosis and in between G1 and G2

30
Q

Does every cell go through an interphase?

A

no, not every cell goes through it fast and completely

31
Q

How does the cell control its own division?

A

system of molecular interactions that happens internally in the cell with the help of proteins in the cytoplasm

32
Q

What is the Intrinsic Cell Cycle Checkpoint Pathway?

A

ensure the orderly progression of cell cycle events and are activated at different transition points to prevent premature entry into the next cell cycle event

33
Q

What are three checkpoints?

A

G1, G2, Mphase checkpoint

34
Q

What is the G0 checkpoint?

A

non-dividing state/resting state of a cycle, no more dividing

35
Q

When would a cell go to the G0 checkpoint?

A

After the G1 checkpoint assessment, cell decides to go to the resting state instead of proceeding to the S-phase

36
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint check for?

A

if the cell is big enough to divide after duplicating organelles

37
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint check for?

A

if the DNA is fully replicated

38
Q

What does the M phase checkpoint check for?

A

if the chromosomes correctly lined up and if there is a spindle formed

39
Q

What are the two types of regulatory proteins in the control checkpoints?

A

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk)

40
Q

What do cdk’s do?

A

undergo phosphorylation

41
Q

Are cdks usually active or inactive?

A

inactive

42
Q

Are cdks present in the cell or not?

A

present

43
Q

Are cyclins present in the cell?

A

they have to be synthesized and then later they get degraded

44
Q

What is an example of a cyclin-cdk complex?

A

MPF

45
Q

What does MPF (maturation/mitosis promoting factor) do?

A

cyclin-cdk complex that phosphorylates proteins of nuclear membrane to begin fragmenting nuclear membrane

46
Q

When is the mitotic spindle formed?

A

prophase

47
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A

apparatus that allows mitosis to happen and it controls chromosomal movements during mitosis

48
Q

What is the mitotic spindle made up of?

A

microtubules

49
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

microtubule-organizing center that starts the process of making the spindle

50
Q

What is a centriole?

A

found within a centrosome, they are microtubule units (2 cylinders)

51
Q

When the centrioles go towards opposite ends of the cell, what forms around each spindle pole?

A

an aster

52
Q

What is an aster?

A

cellular structure shaped like a star, consisting of a centrosome (that bubble around the centrioles)

53
Q

What is the role of an aster?

A

microtubules that help spindle anchor at one end fo the cell

54
Q

What are the types of spindle microtubules?

A

kinetochore and non-kinetochore (aka polar microtubules)

55
Q

What do non-kinetochore (aka polar microtubules) do?

A

pushes spindle apart

56
Q

What do kinetochores do?

A

attach to the center of a chromosome and are the sites for microtubules to grab on to

57
Q

How is a kinetochore made?

A

assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle

58
Q

What happens in the prophase?

A

creation of the spindle apparatus, condensation of chromatins to form chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, attachment of microtubules from spindle to chromosomes

59
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

all chromosomes within a cell line up at the metaphase plate

60
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

replicated chromosomes get pulled apart to form separate chromatids, cleavage (cutting) of cohesin proteins

61
Q

During anaphase, what happens to the nonkinetochore microtubules?

A

they start overlapping and pushing apart to elongate the cell, eventually, they degrade as they separate and motor proteins take over

62
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

genetically identical nuclei form at opposite ends of cell, nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes loosen up, spindle broken down

63
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

already happening by the time anaphase or telophase rolls around, division of cytosol and organelles to form a cleavage furrow based on microfilaments under plasma membrane

64
Q

What does cell division allow for in a multicellular organism?

A

development from a single fertilized egg and continue to function as cell repair all over the body

65
Q

What is a genome?

A

cell’s DNA/its genome

66
Q

In somatic cells, where are the chromosomes inherited from, and how many?

A

23 from each parent for a total of 46 chromosomes

67
Q

What units are added to make the spindle fibers elongate?

A

adding units of tubulin

68
Q

How do spindle fibers shorten?

A

losing the subunits of tubulin

69
Q

What does a plant cell produce instead of a cleavage furrow?

A

cell plate

70
Q

Where did mitosis evolve from?

A

simpler prokaryotic mechanisms of cell

reproduction

General Bio I (18 decks)

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