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General Bio I > Chapter 8 (Enzymes and ATP) > Flashcards

Chapter 8 (Enzymes and ATP) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does energy come in as in an ecosystem?

A

light

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2
Q

What does energy turn into in an ecosystem?

A

heat

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3
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

cellular work

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4
Q

What is cellular work?

A

how a cell functions with energy

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions and molecular transformation happening within a cell

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6
Q

What does metabolism allow for?

A

interactions that transform matter and energy

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7
Q

What does a metabolic pathway start with?

A

reactants

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8
Q

What does a metabolic pathway end with?

A

products

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9
Q

What are the types of metabolic pathways?

A

catabolic and anabolic

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10
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

take molecules and break them down (like glycolysis)

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11
Q

What are anabolic pathways?

A

synthesis pathway that builds molecule WITHIN the context of the cell (like citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation)

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12
Q

What are the two forms that free energy comes in during a metabolic reaction?

A

exergonic and endergonic

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13
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

release of free energy and they liberate the energy within the cell

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14
Q

Describe the process of an exergonic reaction.

A

2 molecules with a lot of energy make a compound and release some stored chemical energy from the reactants

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15
Q

LOOK AT THE EXERGONIC GRAPH

A

______

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16
Q

What is the peak on an exergonic graph represent?

A

activation energy

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17
Q

Are exergonic reactions spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

A

spontaneous

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18
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

absorption of free energy

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19
Q

Describe the process of an endergonic reaction.

A

2 or more reactions (molecules) that have little energy, absorb energy and that forces them to interact

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20
Q

Are endergonic reactions spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

A

non-spontaneous

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21
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy for equilibrium equation?

A

delta G = delta H - T x delta S

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22
Q

What does delta G represent in the Gibbs free energy for equilibrium equation?

A

change in free energy

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23
Q

What does delta H represent in the free energy for equilibrium equation?

A

change in enthalpy

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24
Q

What does delta S represent in the free energy for equilibrium equation?

A

change in entropy

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25
Q

What does T represent in the free energy for equilibrium equation?

A

temperature in Kelvin

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26
Q

What does the cell use for energy?

A

ATP

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27
Q

What is the full name for ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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28
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A 
nitrogenous base (adenine) 
sugar ring (ribose)
3 phosphate groups
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29
Q

Where is energy stored within ATP?

A

in the phosphate groups since the negative oxygens don’t like being next to one another

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30
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

reactions that give up energy and uses that given off free energy to start the next reaction

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31
Q

Overall, what free energy reaction is energy coupling?

A

exergonic

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32
Q

How does ATP break down?

A

hydrolysis

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33
Q

ATP has “high/low” energy bonds aka chemical structure

A

ATP has “high” energy bonds (-7.3 kcal/mol)

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34
Q

ATP is renewable/non-renewable within a cell via exergonic/endergonic reaction

A

ATP is renewable within a cell via endergonic reactions because energy can be stored as well

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35
Q

What ending do enzymes have?

A

-ase

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36
Q

What are enzymes also referred to as

A

catalysts

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37
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

break bonds and reform bonds

38
Q

Can enzymes be used multiple times?

A

yes

39
Q

What are enzymes primarily used for?

A

speed up reactions, to change the energy state in a chemical reaction

40
Q

What is activation energy?

A

initial energy investment needed to start a chemical reaction

41
Q

What do enzymes do to the activation energy (Ea)?

A

lower activation energy for a reaction to start

42
Q

What are substrates?

A

enzyme reactants, they attach on to the enzyme

43
Q

What is the active site?

A

what the substrates bind to

44
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

when the enzyme and substrate bind

45
Q

What kind of macromolecule are enzymes?

A

protein

46
Q

What factors affect proteins?

A

temperature and PH affect enzymes, amount of substrate and enzymes available

47
Q

If an enzyme is affected by pH or temperature, what happens?

A

can lead to denaturation (tertiary level of protein structure is unwound, though the backbone is still intact)

48
Q

What are the types of cofactors?

A

coenzymes (organic) and inorganic ones

49
Q

What are cofactors?

A

nonprotein enzyme helpers that help the enzyme work more efficiently

50
Q

What are some examples of coenzymes aka organic cofactors?

A

vitamins like vitamin B

51
Q

What are some examples of inorganic cofactors?

A

ions like Fe+

52
Q

What are the types of inhibitors?

A

competitive and non-competitive

53
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

binds to an active site (mimics a substrate) even though they only LOOK like substrates and they compete with substrates to bind to the active site

54
Q

What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

binds to a different location that is NOT the active site to not allow the enzyme to work efficiently by changing the shape of the active site

55
Q

When something binds to a protein what happens to the shape of the protein?

A

it changes shape

56
Q

Where do regulatory molecules come from?

A

inside the cell

57
Q

What type of regulation is used within the cell?

A

allosteric regulation

58
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A

organic molecules FROM INSIDE THE CELL that binds to an allosteric site

59
Q

What is cooperativity (like allosteric activation) ?

A

includes multi subunit enzymes, the binding stabilizes the rest of the subunits for favorable changes via amplification

60
Q

What is allosteric inhibition used for?

A

the allosteric inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme to prevent form overproducing too much of a molecule

61
Q

What delta G number is exergonic reactions?

A

negative numbers

62
Q

What is the law of thermodynamics?

A

energy of the universe is constant (can’t create or destroy it)
energy transfers/transforms increase entropy

63
Q

What is entropy?

A

the measure of randomness, disorder that applies to diffusion

64
Q

What is energy flow?

A

come from somewhere, go to somewhere

65
Q

What type of systems are organisms?

A

organisms are open systems, meaning they are acceptors of energy and raw materials

66
Q

To create ordered structures is what metabolic pathway?

A

anabolic

67
Q

To increase entropy is what metabolic pathway?

A

catabolic

68
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

series of enzymes transforming starting molecule and energy in multiple steps

69
Q

In what energy form does the cell send energy out of the system?

A

thermal energy aka heat

70
Q

In an exergonic reaction, is delta G negative or positive?

A

negative

71
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

1 adenine nitrogenous base
1 ribose
1 phosphate group

72
Q

What do exergonic reactions utilize to give off the extra energy within a cell?

A

ATP

73
Q

To make ATP be renewable again, what energy reaction takes place?

A

endergonic (absorption)

74
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being destroyed/consumed in the reaction

75
Q

Are enzymes specific or non-specific to substrates?

A

specific substrates needed for the enzyme to work

76
Q

Are the active sites of enzymes flexible regions?

A

when substrates bind to the active site, the shape of the enzyme changes aka make an induced fit

77
Q

What is the ideal temperature for enzymes in our body?

A

35 to 40 degrees Celcius

78
Q

What is the ideal pH for enzymes in our body?

A

6 - 8 pH

79
Q

What are some ways enzymes help lower the energy barrier aka activation energy?

A

orienting substrates correctly
straining substrate bonds
providing a favorable microenvironment (like pH)
participation in substrate reactions

80
Q

Where do competitive inhibitors bind to?

A

fights to bind to an active site (mimics a substrate) even

81
Q

Where do inhibitors GENERALLY come from?

A

the external environment, like drugs/toxins

82
Q

What are regulatory molecules?

A

enzyme inhibitors from inside the cell

83
Q

Are enzymes just one protein or multi subunit proteins?

A

enzymes are multi subunit proteins that work together

84
Q

Where do regulatory molecules bind to?

A

the space in between the subunits of proteins (aka the quaternary structure)

     oo ------> o
     oo
85
Q

What is the space in-between the subunits of proteins called?

A

allosteric site

86
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

a product of a metabolic pathway that shut downs the pathway

87
Q

What does feedback inhibition prevent?

A

prevents cell from wasting chemical resources

88
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

energy is conserved

89
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

every energy transfer increases the randomness (entropy) in the universe

90
Q

Are cofactors proteins?

A

no

General Bio I (18 decks)

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