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General Bio I > Chapter 7 (The Cell Membrane) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 (The Cell Membrane) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two names for the plasma membrane?

A

fluid mosaic model or phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

Why is the plasma membrane called the fluid mosaic model?

A

proteins embedded into it, the membrane that is able to move (semi-fluid), made of phospholipids

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3
Q

Which one moves faster, lipids or proteins? (contributes to fluidity in the plasma membrane)

A

lipids

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4
Q

What is the most abundant type of lipid?

A

phospholipids

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5
Q

In a phospholipid, what is the hydrophilic part?

A

the head

o
II

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6
Q

In a phospholipid, what is the hydrophobic part?

A

tail

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7
Q

The outer part of the membrane is what charge?

A

it is neutral

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8
Q

When talking about the outer membrane in relation to the inner membrane, what is the charge of the outer membrane?

A

positive

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9
Q

What is the charge on the inner side of the plasma membrane?

A

negative

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10
Q

Are the arrangements of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

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11
Q

What is in between the gaps from the asymmetry of the plasma membrane?

A

cholesterol

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12
Q

What are the two phases that the plasma membrane goes through in terms of temperature?

A

fluid phase and gel phase

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13
Q

The fluidity of the cell membrane depends on what?

A

hydrocarbon chains

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14
Q

What is cholesterol for in the cell?

A

critical for maintaining the fluidity of the cell (aka temperature buffer)

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15
Q

When the temperature is too warm for the cell, what does cholesterol do?

A

restrains the movement of the cell to prevent the pulling apart of molecules

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16
Q

When the temperature is too cold for the cell, what does cholesterol do?

A

prevents compaction

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17
Q

What are the classes of proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

integral (integrin) proteins and peripheral proteins

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18
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

they are proteins that are stuck in the membrane

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19
Q

What shape do integral proteins use to anchor themselves into the lipid bilayer?

A

the alpha-helix (spiral)

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20
Q

In integral proteins, what kinds of passes do they make?

A

single passes and multiple passes

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21
Q

What are single-pass integral proteins?

A

they look like 1 spiral embedded, they anchor

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22
Q

What are multi-pass integral proteins?

A

they are many spirals together that are embedded, they created channels

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23
Q

What quality do proteins have in terms of water?

A

they are amphipathic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)

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24
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

they are proteins bound to a single surface

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25
Q

If the peripheral protein is bound on the outside, what do they associate with?

A

the ECM (extracellular matrix)

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26
Q

If the peripheral proteins are bound on the inside, what do they associate with?

A

the cytoskeleton of the cell

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27
Q

Is the plasma membrane permeable or semi-permeable

A

semi-permeable

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28
Q

What types of materials easily cross the plasma membrane?

A

hydrophobic materials

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29
Q

What are some examples of hydrophobic materials that pass through the plasma membrane?

A

hydrocarbons, gases, small molecules

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30
Q

What types of materials are slow to cross (or don’t cross at all) the plasma membrane?

A

hydrophilic materials

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31
Q

What are some examples of hydrophillic materials that are slow to cross (or don’t cross) the plasma membrane?

A

ions, nutrients, large molecules

32
Q

What is passive transport?

A

doesn’t use energy to diffuse

33
Q

What is an example of passive transport?

A

diffusion

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the tendency for molecules to go from a high concentration to a low concentration

35
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

equal movement of particles, 0 net movement

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

37
Q

What is osmosis dependent on?

A

solute concentration

38
Q

What is the pattern for osmosis?

A

water molecules flow from low to high solute concentration in order to disperse the solute

39
Q

Does osmosis need energy?

A

no

40
Q

Does diffusion need energy?

A

no

41
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

solute concentration on the inside and outside the cell is the same

42
Q

What are hypertonic solutions?

A

solute concentration is higher on the outside so the water from the cell goes outside and shrivels up

43
Q

What are hypotonic solutions?

A

solute concentration higher on the inside of the cell, making water go inside and the cell bursting due to too much water (lysed)

44
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

control of water balance

45
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

transport proteins use for passive movement

46
Q

Does facilitated diffusion need energy

A

no

47
Q

What are the types of facilitation proteins in facilitated diffusion?

A

channel proteins and carrier proteins

48
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

corridors for a specific molecule or ion to cross that require a stimulus to open/close

49
Q

What kinds of stimuli do channel proteins need to open and close?

A

chemical (ligand), mechanical (stress), or electrical (voltage)

50
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

no energy needed proteins change protein shape due to conformation

51
Q

What does the cell generate when it harbors certain solutes?

A

generates potential energy, storing energy

52
Q

What is the result of ion transport?

A

membrane potential created due to voltage difference across a membrane that results from asymmetrical lipids in the plasma membrane

53
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

it drives the diffusion of ions across a membrane

54
Q

In the electrochemical gradient, what is the chemical force?

A

ion gradient

55
Q

In the electrochemical gradient, what is the electrical force?

A

it is for neutralization which comes about due to the effect of the membrane potential on ion molecules

56
Q

What are examples of processes in the cell that uses electrogenic pumps?

A

sodium/potassium pump and proton pump

57
Q

What is active transport?

A

moving solutes AGAINST the concentration gradient

58
Q

Does active transport need energy?

A

YES

59
Q

Where does active transport get the energy?

A

by breaking down ATP to ADP

60
Q

What is it called when the membrane uses ATP for transfer across a membrane?

A

phosphorylation

61
Q

What does active transport do?

A

allows cells to maintain solute concentrations to that differ from surroundings

62
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

indrect and direct active transport

63
Q

What is direct active transport?

A

uses ATP directly in the proteins

64
Q

What is an example of direct active transport?

A

sodium/potassium pump

65
Q

What is indirect active transport?

A

uses energy indirectly

66
Q

What is an example of indirect active transport?

A

cotransport

67
Q

What is cotransport?

A

uses one solute’s gradient to drive against it own gradient through the use of ions

68
Q

What is symport cotransport?

A

same direction of ion and molecule traveling through protein

69
Q

What is antiport cotransport?

A

opposite directions of ion and molecule traveling through protein

70
Q

What is coupled transport?

A

when multiple proteins are working together for a common good (like many people working to build a house)

71
Q

What is bulk transport for?

A

necessary for large molecules to get in/out of the cell

72
Q

What are the types of bulk transport?

A

exocytosis, endocytosis (via phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated)

73
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

leaving the cell, when internal vesicles fuse with the membrane in order to release content outside (like toxins)

74
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

entering the cell

75
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

movement of the membrane to engulf a foreign particle to bring into the cell

76
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

depression made with membrane to pull in particle

77
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

chemical signaling (like lock and key, ligand and protein) protein coats the vesicles once inside the cell

General Bio I (18 decks)

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