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General Bio I > Chapter 16 (DNA) > Flashcards

Chapter 16 (DNA) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson, and Francis Crick

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2
Q

What kind of structure is DNA?

A

double helix

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3
Q

What does Adenine pair with?

A

thiamine

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4
Q

What does cytosine pair with?

A

guanine

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5
Q

What was the width like when pairing the nitrogenous bases?

A

a uniform width

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6
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff notice?

A

no matter what piece of DNA was taken, number of A = number of T, number of G = number of C via HYDROGEN bonding

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7
Q

Why must DNA be copied?

A

to conserve genetic material in cells

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8
Q

What is the mechanism for replication?

A

specific base pairing that happens between nitrogenous bases

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9
Q

What does it mean for DNA to be complementary?

A

if you pull DNA strands apart into parent strands, those parents strands act as templates for new daughter strands

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10
Q

What does it mean for DNA to be semi-conservative?

A

one strand is old and the other is new

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11
Q

What is the “origin of replication”?

A

a location where replication is initiated

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12
Q

Can there be multiple origins of replication on DNA?

A

yes

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13
Q

What is a replication bubble?

A

unwound and open region of the double helix where the replication occurs and contains 2 replication forks

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14
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

separation strands of DNA create Y shape

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15
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

the enzyme that creates a new strand of DNA by adding nucleotides

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16
Q

What do helicase enzymes do?

A

untwist double helix at replication forks, unzip the genes

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17
Q

What does the single-strand binding protein do?

A

stabilize single-stranded DNA

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18
Q

What does topoisomerase do?

A

enzyme that corrects any overwinding or underwinding due to double-helix nature

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19
Q

What are the enzymes that are used in the actual process of replication?

A

Primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase (paul probably put little)

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20
Q

What does primase do?

A

synthesizes short RNA sequences as primers for DNA polymerase

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21
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do?

A

synthesizes DNA strands in a leading and lagging fashion by adding nucleotides to 3’ end of template strand ONLY , proofreads

22
Q

What does DNA polymerase I do? (think of it, first to do all)

A

adds DNA nucleotides to the primers creates from primase AND extracts primers

23
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

joins the Okazaki fragments into strand one of DNA

24
Q

Is DNA parallel or anti-parallel?

A

anti-parallel

25
Q

if there is a d in front of atp or nucleotide name, what does it indicate?

A

a dna nucleotide and ATP

26
Q

What sugar does DNA nucleotides have?

A

deoxyribose on 2’ carbon (no oxygen)

27
Q

ATP is a nucleotide of what?

A

RNA

28
Q

As the nucleotides join the DNA strand, what happens to the phosphates?

A

it loses two phosphate groups cuz energy is used for the process and that energy is within phosphate groups

29
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

replication going in the same direction as the fork in 3’ to 5’ direction and away from origin of direction (as the fork keeps opening, the replication keeps happening)

30
Q

New DNA only grows in which direction?

A

5’ to 3’

31
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

replication in the chunks that get joined togehther that go in the opposite direction of the fork (5’ to 3’) and towards the origin of replication

32
Q

What are the chunks in lagging strands called?

A

Okazaki fragments

33
Q

What is the purpose of an RNA primer?

A

anchored at the end of a DNA strand so that DNA polymerase has something to hold onto when adding nucleotides

34
Q

What are telomeres? (in chromosome structure of a eukaryote)

A

repeating nucleotide sequences that don’t hold any genetic significance at the ends of DNA that prevent the shortening of DNA molecules and genetic erosion, like shoelaces

35
Q

What is telomerase? (telo-end) (in chromosome structure)

A

adds a repetitive sequence of nucleotides at the end of DNA sequence in the case that telomeres are degraded too much

36
Q

Does telomerase work in all cells? (chromosome structure)

A

no, only ones that replicate often

37
Q

What makes up a chromosome?

A

DNA and proteins (histones)

38
Q

What do histone proteins do?

A

proteins that can undergo chemical change and allow dna to wind around them to make nucleosomes

39
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

DNA wound around a series of histone 8 proteins (octomer)

40
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

regions where important genetic code is packed, loosely packed (e for easy to transcribe)

41
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

tightly packed areas of chromatin that include telomeres and centromeres and aid in structural support (H for hard to transcribe)

42
Q

Which does not have any genes on it, euchromatin or heterochromatin?

A

heterochromatin

43
Q

What is a dNTP?

A

nucleotide added to new DNA strand

44
Q

What does dATP do?

A

provides adenine to DNA, similar to regular ATP

45
Q

What loosens histones?

A

acetylation

46
Q

What tightens histones?

A

deacetylation or demethylation

47
Q

What does histone acetylation do?

A

acetyl groups attatch to lysine histone tails and loosens chromatin structure

48
Q

What process can also loosen histones?

A

methylation and phosphorylation

49
Q

What does DNA methylation do?

A

gene slicing (permanent binding) that involves adding methyl groups to cytosine-guanine areas, regulates gene expression by recruiting proteins involved in gene repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription factor(s) to DNA

50
Q

What is an example of DNA methylation?

A

genomic imprinting and X-inactivation

51
Q

What happens in genomic imprinting?

A

methylation of DNA to silence either maternal or paternal gene

General Bio I (18 decks)

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