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General Bio I > Chapter 5 (Macromolecules) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (Macromolecules) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

macromolecules are large molecules composed of covalently bonded small molecules

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2
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Taking water away (produced as a product) in order to piece molecules together

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3
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

adding water (as a reactant) in order to break down molecules

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4
Q

What are the four classes of macromolecules?

A

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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5
Q

In terms of polarity, most lipids are ____

A

In terms of polarity, most lipids are non-polar and hydrophobic

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6
Q

Hydrocarbons determine whether the molecule is ____ or _____

A

polar or non-polar

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7
Q

What are the classes of lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

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8
Q

The major function of fats is to ____

A

the major function of fats is to store energy

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9
Q

In addition to storing energy, fats also help by _____

A

In addition to energy storage, fat also helps by insulating animals for warmth and acting as a shock absorber

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10
Q

What is glycerol?

A 
glycerol is a three-carbon chain with a hydroxyl group on each carbon  
      H
       I
H - C - OH
H - C - OH
H - C - OH
       I
      H
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11
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

fatty acids are carboxyl groups with a long hydrocarbon chain (acid cuz it can donate H+)
O H H H H H
II I I I I I
HO - C - C - C - C - C - C - H
l l l l l l
H H H H H H

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12
Q

What is a fat composed of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids create Ester linkages through dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

Do saturated fats have double bonds or single bonds?

A

saturated fats have single bonds

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14
Q

Are saturated fatty acids linear or bent?

A

Saturated fatty acids are linear

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15
Q

Do unsaturated fats have double bonds or single bonds?

A

Double bonds

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16
Q

Are unsaturated fats linear or bent?

A

Bent

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17
Q

At room temp. Saturated fats are ____

A

at room temp. Saturated fats are solid

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18
Q

Saturated fats have the ____ of hydrogen atoms possible

A

saturated fats have the max amount of hydrogen atoms possible

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19
Q

Cis-unsaturated means ____

A

cis-unsaturated means there is a double bond and at those double bond, two hydrogens are symmetrical

H H
C = C

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20
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

hydrogenation is the process of converting unsaturated fats into saturation fats by introducing hydrogen atoms

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21
Q

What is partial hydrogenation?

A

partial hydrogenation is when hydrogens rearrange their orientation and become asymmetrical trans fats

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22
Q

What are trans fats?

A

partially unsaturated, asymmetrical hydrogens

H
x \
    C = C
x x x \
x  x   x x   H
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23
Q

Can trans fats be processed by humans?

A

no

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24
Q

What do phospholipid groups contain?

A

a glycerol molecule (3 hydrocarbon chains with hydroxide on each carbon), phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl at the end), and choline

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25
Q

Phospholipids are a major component of all _____ ______

A

phospholipids are a major component of all cell membrane

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26
Q

What do phospholipids self-assimilate into?

A

the phospholipid bilayer the cell membrane

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27
Q

The types of phospholipids are based on what?

A

the nitrogenous compound in the hydrophilic head called Phosphatidylcholine

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28
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer, what is the hydrophilic part?

A

the head

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29
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer, what is the hydrophobic part?

A

the tails facing inward

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30
Q

Are all phospholipids the same?

A

NO

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31
Q

What kind of distribution do phospholipids have?

A

asymmetrical

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32
Q

What class do steroids belong to?

A

lipids

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33
Q

What are steroids composed of?

A

4 interconnected carbon rings

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34
Q

What are steroids generated/made with?

A

cholesterol

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35
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

the base molecule for steroid hormones like corticosteroid

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36
Q

How are cholesterol and phospholipids the same?

A

they both have different side chains, so they come in a variety

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37
Q

What are carbohydrates also called?

A

simple sugars

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38
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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39
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

glucose (C6H12O6)

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40
Q

How are carbohydrates classified by?

A

how many carbons they have and the location of the carbonyl group, oxygen to 2 hydrogen ratio

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41
Q

Which two classes of macromolecules are closely linked?

A

lipids and carbohydrates

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42
Q

Do we really need carbohydrates?

A

no

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43
Q

Why don’t we need carbohydrates?

A

our bodies were meant to use fat as the main energy source, not carbohydrates

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44
Q

Regarding carbohydrates, what does every cell have the ability to do?

A

generate glucose and break down glucose

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45
Q

What are some monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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46
Q

When we eat, do we get sugars in the disaccharide form or the monosaccharide form?

A

disaccharide

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47
Q

What are some disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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48
Q

How are carbohydrates processed and broken down by the body?

A
  • sucrose molecule trigger a pathway perception that makes the body want more since disaccharides are rare to find in nature
  • glucose and fructose get into the bloodstream to get cheap energy
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49
Q

Is fructose bad or good? why?

A

Fructose is bad because the human body can’t process it, it gets sent to the liver to be usable with alcohol

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50
Q

Is there such thing as naturally occurring fructose and sucrose?

A

nope

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51
Q

How do we store excess sugar?

A

we store excess sugar in the form of fat molecules

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52
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

how quickly the blood sugar spikes in relation to the glucose consumption

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53
Q

How many g of gram does the WHO recommend per day? (not needed actually)

A

25 g

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54
Q

How do we name omega acids?

A

count the number of carbons it takes to reach the double bond from the terminal end of the chain (methyl group CH3)

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55
Q

What are the bonds between covalent sugar monomers called?

A

glycosidic bonds

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56
Q

How are carbohydrate polymers built?

A

with monosaccharides like glucose

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57
Q

What are the uses for polysaccharides?

A

Structural (to build) and storage (for energy)

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58
Q

Where is starch stored?

A

in plants

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59
Q

What is starch made of?

A

starch is entirely made of glucose monomers

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60
Q

What is amylose?

A

a type of starch (storage)

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61
Q

What kind of linkage does amylose have in terms of structure?

A

1-4 bonds (helical), there are only two ends to “chew” up

62
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

a type of starch (storage)

63
Q

What kind of bond does amylopectin have in terms of structure?

A

1-6 (branches) , there are many ends to “chew up”

64
Q

Where can you find starch stored?

A

in plastids (organelle of plant)

65
Q

Why is starch so important?

A

they are able to break down very fast for energy

66
Q

What is starch?

A

a type of carbohydrate found in plants, used for energy storage

67
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a type of polymer carbohydrate found in animals, used for energy storage

68
Q

Why is glycogen made of?

A

glycogen is entirely made of glucose monomers

69
Q

What kind of linkage does glycogen take on mostly?

A

the branch-like structure (1-6)

70
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

in the liver and in our muscle cells

71
Q

What are the two structural polysaccharides?

A

chitin and cellulose

72
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in fungi cell walls

73
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

in the cell walls of a plant, is a major component for rigid structure

74
Q

In what forms can you find cellulose?

A

alpha and beta

75
Q

What monomer is cellulose composed of?

A

cellulose is made of glucose, but the rings differ slightly

76
Q

What is the beta form in cellulose?

A

when the hydroxyl is at the top of the ring

77
Q

What is the alpha form of cellulose?

A

when the hydroxyl is at the bottom of the ring

78
Q

both ___ and ___ make 1-4 linkages in terms of structural polysaccharides

A

both chitin and cellulose make 1-4 linkages in terms of structural polysaccharides

79
Q

Mostly, cellulose is composed of what kind of forms?

A

the beta form, where hydroxyl is up and the composition is straight

80
Q

Mostly, starch is composed of what kind of form?

A

the alpha form, where hydroxyl is at the bottom and is helical

81
Q

When cellulose is straight and parallel to one another, what can it do?

A

pack together to tightly make a solid structure, hydrogen bonds allow or holding bonds together

82
Q

How do we, as humans, burn polymers?

A

enzymes

83
Q

What can enzymes do in terms of carbohydrates?

A

CAN digest starch

84
Q

What can’t enzymes do in terms of carbohydrates?

A

CAN’T digest cellulose

85
Q

What happens to the undigested cellulose?

A

it passes through the digestive tract

86
Q

The indigestible cellulose in our body is called what?

A

fiber

87
Q

What are the categories for fiber?

A

insoluble and soluble

88
Q

How do we determine the categories for fiber?

A

does the fiber like water or no?

89
Q

What does soluble fiber do to you?

A

slows down, digestion, absorbs water, becomes a larger mass, and makes you full

90
Q

What does insoluble fiber do to you?

A

helps intestinal tract bacteria be healthy since the bacteria break the fiber down and give us nutrients

91
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

nucleic acids material of inheritance

92
Q

What are genes?

A

genes are regions of DNA

93
Q

Linked strand of nucleotide, hydroxyl, and a phosphate group is called what type of link?

A

phosphodiester linkage

94
Q

What is a phosphodiester linkage?

A

covalently bonded nucleotides, hydroxyl, and a phosphate group between the nucleotides

95
Q

What is unique about a phosphodiester linkage?

A

it has direction from 3’ to 5’

96
Q

The hydroxyl in a phosphodiester linkage is located on which carbon?

A

the 3’ carbon

97
Q

The phosphate group in a phosphodiester linkage is located on which carbon?

A

the 5’ carbon

98
Q

What kind of symmetry is there with nucleotides?

A

it is asymmetrical, it leads to direction

99
Q

What do you build nucleic acids with?

A

nucleotides

100
Q

What is a nucleic acid made up of?

A

a 5-carbon-sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

101
Q

What are also on each nucleic acid?

A

sugars (pentose)

102
Q

Since the hydroxyls are polar and have a negative charge in the nucleic acids, what happens?

A

they repel each other and can either lose all oxygen or still keep it

103
Q

Does deoxyribose (DNA) have oxygen?

A

no, it is stable

104
Q

Does ribose (RNA) have oxygen?

A

yes, it is flexible to change

105
Q

What is ribose involved in?

A

making proteins, transporting, and metabolism

106
Q

_____ can’t be made without RNA

A

DNA can’t be made without RNA

107
Q

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

A

pyrimidines and purines

108
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

have a single six-membered ring aka just a hexagon

109
Q

What are the examples of pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

110
Q

What are purines?

A

have a six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring aka a hexagon and a pentagon together

111
Q

What are the examples of purines?

A

adenine and guanine

112
Q

The carbon primes in nucleic acids are located where?

A

in the pentose NOT the nitrogenous base

113
Q

How does DNA look?

A

two polynucleotides strands spiraling an imaginary axis aka double helix

114
Q

The two polynucleotide strands in DNA run in _____ fashion

A

the two polynucleotide strand in DNA run in antiparallel/opposite fashion

115
Q

What does adenine bond to ?

A

thymine for DNA and uracil in RNA

116
Q

What does guanine bond to?

A

guanine bonds to cytosine for both DNA and RNA

117
Q

What are proteins for?

A 
the protein --> said, the, cruel, man 
S - Storage 
T - Transport 
C - communication
M - movement
118
Q

In proteins ____ = function

A

In proteins, shape = function

119
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

120
Q

What are amino acids composed of?

A

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group (NO PHOSPHORUS)

H          R         O
   \         I        //
     N -- C -- C 
   /         I         \
H         H         OH
121
Q

What is an R group in an amino acids?

A

they are what link together with the other components to become a specific protein

122
Q

What is a polymer linkage of amino acids called?

A

polypeptide

123
Q

What are the covalent bonds between amino acids called?

A 
peptide bonds, they form the backbone of proteins 
     H   R          H   R       OH
      I    I            I    I       /
H -N - C - C  - N - C - C 
         peptide bond
           I     II          I       \\ 
          H    O        H       O
124
Q

Are peptide bonds symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

125
Q

What is at the start of peptide bonds (n-terminus)?

A

a free amino group

126
Q

What is at the end of a peptide bond (c-terminal)?

A

carboxyl

127
Q

What are the three levels of protein structure called?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary

128
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

oooo
        o
        o
        o
oooo
o
o
oooo
129
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

the interaction of primary structure within iteself, it shows hydrogen bonding of the polypeptide BACKBONE INTERACTION aka hydrogen bonds

130
Q

What does the secondary structure of a protein NOT portray?

A

they DON’T portray the R groups

131
Q

What are typical secondary structures called?

A

alpha helix (coil) and beta pleated sheets

132
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

the actual 3D shape that has to do with the side chains, they are the interactions with the R groups, distant group interactions stabilized by hydrogen bonds

133
Q

What does the tertiary structure of a protein NOT portray?

A

interactions with the backbone, its just the R group interaction

134
Q

What types of bonding and interactions do R-groups able to do?

A

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonding, hydrophobic interactions

135
Q

What is the disulfide bridge?

A

a covalent bond using the SH group of at the terminal end and two cysteine amino acids

136
Q

What type of structure do ALL proteins need?

A

the tertiary structure

137
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule (ex: collagen)

138
Q

Do proteins need the quaternary structure?

A

No, proteins don’t need the quaternary structure of a protein

139
Q

How does a protein get its structure?

A

the primary amino acid sequence and the physical and chemical conditions (pH, temp ex)

140
Q

What is denaturation of a protein?

A

loss of the 3D shape, loss of structure PROTEIN NOT BROKEN DOWN

141
Q

What is an example of a type of starch that has 1-4 linkages?

A

amylose, spiral straight

142
Q

What is an example of a type of starch that has 1-6 linkages?

A

amylopectin, branching spirals

143
Q

Hydrocarbon chains are polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar

144
Q

What are amphipathic molecules?

A

fat molecules that have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic side

145
Q

What makes fats so hydrophobic?

A

the HYDROPHOBIC hydrocarbon tails that have nonpolar bonds

146
Q

What vitamin allows us to get cholesterol?

A

vitamin D

147
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

hydrocarbon chain with hydroxyl on one side, usually carbonyl group (C=O) at one end making it aldehyde

148
Q

How do you name carbons on carbohydrates?

A

within the ring, wherever you see the O in the ring start count 1,2,3.. once to the right of the O

149
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

150
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

a nitrogenous base, phosphate group, ribose

General Bio I (18 decks)

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