Chapter 5 (Macromolecules) Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
macromolecules are large molecules composed of covalently bonded small molecules
What is dehydration synthesis?
Taking water away (produced as a product) in order to piece molecules together
What is hydrolysis?
adding water (as a reactant) in order to break down molecules
What are the four classes of macromolecules?
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
In terms of polarity, most lipids are ____
In terms of polarity, most lipids are non-polar and hydrophobic
Hydrocarbons determine whether the molecule is ____ or _____
polar or non-polar
What are the classes of lipids?
fats, phospholipids, steroids
The major function of fats is to ____
the major function of fats is to store energy
In addition to storing energy, fats also help by _____
In addition to energy storage, fat also helps by insulating animals for warmth and acting as a shock absorber
What is glycerol?
glycerol is a three-carbon chain with a hydroxyl group on each carbon H I H - C - OH H - C - OH H - C - OH I H
What are fatty acids?
fatty acids are carboxyl groups with a long hydrocarbon chain (acid cuz it can donate H+)
O H H H H H
II I I I I I
HO - C - C - C - C - C - C - H
l l l l l l
H H H H H H
What is a fat composed of?
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids create Ester linkages through dehydration synthesis
Do saturated fats have double bonds or single bonds?
saturated fats have single bonds
Are saturated fatty acids linear or bent?
Saturated fatty acids are linear
Do unsaturated fats have double bonds or single bonds?
Double bonds
Are unsaturated fats linear or bent?
Bent
At room temp. Saturated fats are ____
at room temp. Saturated fats are solid
Saturated fats have the ____ of hydrogen atoms possible
saturated fats have the max amount of hydrogen atoms possible
Cis-unsaturated means ____
cis-unsaturated means there is a double bond and at those double bond, two hydrogens are symmetrical
H H
C = C
What is hydrogenation?
hydrogenation is the process of converting unsaturated fats into saturation fats by introducing hydrogen atoms
What is partial hydrogenation?
partial hydrogenation is when hydrogens rearrange their orientation and become asymmetrical trans fats
What are trans fats?
partially unsaturated, asymmetrical hydrogens
H x \ C = C x x x \ x x x x H
Can trans fats be processed by humans?
no
What do phospholipid groups contain?
a glycerol molecule (3 hydrocarbon chains with hydroxide on each carbon), phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl at the end), and choline
Phospholipids are a major component of all _____ ______
phospholipids are a major component of all cell membrane
What do phospholipids self-assimilate into?
the phospholipid bilayer the cell membrane
The types of phospholipids are based on what?
the nitrogenous compound in the hydrophilic head called Phosphatidylcholine
In the phospholipid bilayer, what is the hydrophilic part?
the head
In the phospholipid bilayer, what is the hydrophobic part?
the tails facing inward
Are all phospholipids the same?
NO
What kind of distribution do phospholipids have?
asymmetrical
What class do steroids belong to?
lipids
What are steroids composed of?
4 interconnected carbon rings
What are steroids generated/made with?
cholesterol
What is cholesterol?
the base molecule for steroid hormones like corticosteroid
How are cholesterol and phospholipids the same?
they both have different side chains, so they come in a variety
What are carbohydrates also called?
simple sugars
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
What is the most common monosaccharide?
glucose (C6H12O6)
How are carbohydrates classified by?
how many carbons they have and the location of the carbonyl group, oxygen to 2 hydrogen ratio
Which two classes of macromolecules are closely linked?
lipids and carbohydrates
Do we really need carbohydrates?
no
Why don’t we need carbohydrates?
our bodies were meant to use fat as the main energy source, not carbohydrates
Regarding carbohydrates, what does every cell have the ability to do?
generate glucose and break down glucose
What are some monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
When we eat, do we get sugars in the disaccharide form or the monosaccharide form?
disaccharide
What are some disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, maltose
How are carbohydrates processed and broken down by the body?
- sucrose molecule trigger a pathway perception that makes the body want more since disaccharides are rare to find in nature
- glucose and fructose get into the bloodstream to get cheap energy
Is fructose bad or good? why?
Fructose is bad because the human body can’t process it, it gets sent to the liver to be usable with alcohol
Is there such thing as naturally occurring fructose and sucrose?
nope
How do we store excess sugar?
we store excess sugar in the form of fat molecules
What is the glycemic index?
how quickly the blood sugar spikes in relation to the glucose consumption
How many g of gram does the WHO recommend per day? (not needed actually)
25 g
How do we name omega acids?
count the number of carbons it takes to reach the double bond from the terminal end of the chain (methyl group CH3)
What are the bonds between covalent sugar monomers called?
glycosidic bonds
How are carbohydrate polymers built?
with monosaccharides like glucose
What are the uses for polysaccharides?
Structural (to build) and storage (for energy)
Where is starch stored?
in plants
What is starch made of?
starch is entirely made of glucose monomers
What is amylose?
a type of starch (storage)