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General Bio I > Chapter 10 (Photosynthesis) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 (Photosynthesis) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic because it is absorbing energy

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2
Q

In photosynthesis, what does light energy turn into?

A

chemical energy

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3
Q

Why does photosynthesis break down water?

A

to grab electrons to put them back into organic molecules and have oxygen as a waste product

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chlorophyll

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5
Q

Where is the granum located?

A

inside the chloroplast (oval shapes stacked on top of one another)

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6
Q

What is a granum?

A

a stack of thylakoids (those oval shapes)

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7
Q

What is a chlorophyll?

A

a photoreceptor that captures light energy

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8
Q

Where is the chlorophyll located?

A

dots located on thylakoid membrane (anchored in)

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9
Q

What is the thylakoid membrane?

A

the membrane around the thylakoid

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10
Q

What type of ring does chlorophyll have?

A

porphyrin ring (Mg in the middle)

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11
Q

Where does the reaction happen in chlorophyll on the porphyrin ring?

A

at the R group, also has a hydrocarbon tail to anchor

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12
Q

How do the electrons get energized in photosynthesis as the chlorophyll ring gets to a higher energy structure?

A

by light energy

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13
Q

What is the energy transfer in chlorophylls called?

A

resonance energy transfer

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14
Q

What forms does chlorophyll come in?

A

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

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15
Q

What is the differences between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b?

A

chlorophyll a R group is CH3

chlorophyll b R group is CHO

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16
Q

What color is chlorophyll good at absorbing?

A

violet to blue and yellow to red, NOT GREEN

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17
Q

What are accessory pigments?

A

helping chlorophyll absorbing light, recognized by colors

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18
Q

Where are accessory pigments located?

A

on the thylakoid membranes

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19
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

accessory pigments (beta carotene), orange color

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20
Q

What are another type of catenoid?

A

accessory pigments, xanthophyll, comes as lutein and expressed as yellow

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21
Q

What vitamin do we get beta-carotenes from?

A

vitamin A

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22
Q

Why is vitamin A so important for humans?

A

beta carotenes help with bringing retinoic acid to the retina so that the retina can capture the light energy with photoreceptors on the membrane and generate membrane potential for a neuron signal

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23
Q

What energy do we see as the accessory pigments absorb light energy?

A

You see the energy it does NOT absorb

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24
Q

What are anthocyanins?

A

accessory pigments manufactured from sugar rings sometimes, expressed as purple/red

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25
Q

When the leaf starts dying and the chlorophyll starts dying rapidly, what happens?

A

the leftover is the changing of colors since the accessory pigments take longer to degrade

26
Q

What are tannins?

A

leave the brown color after the rest of the pigments die

27
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

taking carbon in the gaseous form fixing it into G3P phosphate

28
Q

What are the stages of photosynthesis?

A

light-dependent reactions aka photophosphorylation

Calvin cycle

29
Q

What is the stroma?

A

fluid inside the chloroplast (where Calvin cycle takes place)

30
Q

What does the thylakoid membrane act like in regards to cellular respiration?

A

the electron transport chain

31
Q

In the thylakoid membrane, what is the first photosystem?

A

photosystem II w/ p680

32
Q

In the thylakoid membrane, what is the second photosystem?

A

photosystem I w/ p700

33
Q

What is in between photosystem II and I?

A

complex (etc)

34
Q

What happens during the light dependent reaction?

A

photons electrons excite chlorophyll molecules to get into a high energy stage, as the energy stage lowers the H+ get pumped into the thylakoid space to create a gradient for ATP synthase to generate ATP

35
Q

What is located after photosystem I?

A

ATP synthase

36
Q

What are the light dependent reactions called?

A

photophosphorylation

37
Q

What is the final electron accepter for photophosphorylation?

A

NADP+

38
Q

Where does H2O split and become O2?

A

near photosystem II, called oxygen-evolving complex

39
Q

Why does H2O get split?

A

donate electrons and hydrogens to replace the ones that got excited and left from photosystem II

40
Q

What does photophosphorylation produce?

A

ATP and NADPH

41
Q

What are reaction centers?

A

the chlorophyll molecules at the “center” that get excited after electrons keep hitting it and after absorbing light

42
Q

What part of photophosphorylation is noncyclic?

A

photosystem II, ETC

43
Q

What part of the photophosphorylation is cyclic?

A

photosystem I

44
Q

What is the first step in photophosphorylation?

A

photons absorbed in photosystem II, energy excites electrons and gets to the reaction enter P680 to boost electrons to highest level

45
Q

What is the second step in photophosphorylation?

A

excited electrons passed to electron acceptor (PQ) and waters gets split to H and O2 to replaces the lost electron in photosystem II

46
Q

What is the third step in photophosphorylation?

A

electron acceptor brings excited electron to etc, etc denergizes the molecules and pump out 4 H+

47
Q

What is the fourth step in photophosphorylation?

A

PC (electron acceptor) brings de-eergized electron to photosystem I, photons hit photosystem I and energizes electron to get to P700

48
Q

What is the fifth step in photophosphorylation?

A

electrons travels down another short etc via PC and NADP+ goes to NADPH and the protons go through ATP synthase to make ATP

49
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

A

the stroma

50
Q

What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?

A

to fix carbon and make 3-carbon sugars

51
Q

What fuels the Calvin Cycle?

A

NADPH and ATP

52
Q

What is the first step in the Calvin Cycle?

A

CO2 + ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate (RuBP, 5 carbon sugar ring) to make 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate

53
Q

What is the second step in the Calvin Cycle?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase breaks ATP to ADP + P —–> 1,3 diphosphoglycerate

54
Q

What is the third step in the Calvin Cycle?

A

G3P dehydrogenase breaks NADPH to NADP+ —–> G3P (3, carbon sugar)

55
Q

What is the fourth step in the Calvin Cycle?

A

1 G3P go to glucose and 5 G3P get converted into ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate via kinase (ATP to ADP +P)

56
Q

How many CO2 need to go through the calvin cycle for one G3P to get out?

A

3 CO2

57
Q

When three CO2 molecules enter, how many G3P molecules made?

A

6 G3P (1 goes to glucose, 5 get converted to 1,5 ribulose bisphosphate)

58
Q

mnemonic for Calvin cycle

A 
rick (rubisco)
please (3 - phosphate)
bake (1,3 bisphosphate)
good (G3P)
raisins (ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate)
59
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle produce?

A

sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

60
Q

What does the Calvin cycle begin with?

A

carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

61
Q

Does the Calvin cycle depend on the light directly?

A

no they are considered light-independent because they indirectly use light

General Bio I (18 decks)

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