Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Bio I > Chapter 17 (Genetic Info Flow) > Flashcards

Chapter 17 (Genetic Info Flow) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is info stored in DNA?

A

nucleotide sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do nucleotide sequences lead to specific traits?

A

directing protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the proteins created by nucleotide sequences link together?

A

phenotype and genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a gene?

A

unit of inheritance, region of the chromosome, and nucleotide sequence that will specify the creation of proteins or sequence of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is gene expression?

A

a process where DNA directs protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the stages of gene expression?

A

transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is transcription?

A

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does transcription produce?

A

raw RNA product called pre-mRNA (messenger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are RNA transcripts modified?

A

RNA processing creates mature messenger RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is translation?

A

process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What separates the process of transcription and translation?

A

nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the nucleotides found in DNA?

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the nucleotides encoding?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What’s the triplet code?

A

series of non-overlapping, three-nucleotide “words” that have 64 different combos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a codon?

A

the sequence of three nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Out of the 64 different combos of three nucleotides, how many codes for amino acids?

A

61

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the remaining combos of codons represent?

A

stop codons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Even though there are 64 different combos of codons, why is there only production of 20 amino acids?

A

redundancy and non-ambiguity since multiple combos of codons can give you 1 amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the genetic code universal?

A

yes, so that means you can give different genes to different organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

1 strand of DNA (template/non-coding strand) and makes complementary mRNA strand by replacing T with U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens during translation?

A

reading from 3’ to 5’ in a reading frame that is 5’ to 3’, each codon generates 1 amino acid and multiple amino acids make a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first step in DNA replication?

A

helicase separates/unwinds double helix and separates strands to create semi-conservative template strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does helicase create?

A

a replication fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication?

A

single-strand binding protein stabilizes the single strands of DNA by preventing the bending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the third step in DNA replication?

A

RNA primase places RNA primer segments that allow DNA polymerase to attach to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the fourth step in DNA replication?

A

DNA pol III connects to primer and adds complementary bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

DNA is read in what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the fifth step of DNA replication?

A

DNA pol. I remove primers on lagging strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the sixth step of DNA replication?

A

DNA pol. I add base pairs to lagging strands and DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the steps to transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

32
Q

Where does transcription happen?

A

nucleus

33
Q

What does RNA polymerase II do?

A

creates pre-mRNA

34
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

proteins bind to different sequences of DNA and are named TF#

35
Q

What is a transcription unit?

A

the stretch of DNA that is being described

36
Q

What is the promotor region?

A

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

37
Q

What is the TATA (thiamine adenine) box and where is it found?

A

type of DNA promoter sequence, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins

38
Q

What is the first step of initiation of transcription?

A

transcription factors bind to promoter regions (TATA box) on double-stranded DNA to form the initiation complex

39
Q

What is the second step of initiation of transcription?

A

the initiation complex attracts RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase unzips DNA strand to form a replication bubble

40
Q

What is the coding region?

A

after the promotor region, the part of DNA that will be transcribed into RNA

41
Q

What are activator and repressor and enhancer regions?

A

before the promotor regions that control the level of transcription and expression

42
Q

What happens in the elongation phase of transcription?

A

extension of transcript

43
Q

What is the first and only step in elongation in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase produces a transcript of RNA bases on the DNA template strand (aka the antisense strand, - strand)

44
Q

What happens in the termination phase of transcription?

A

the RNA polymerase meets the termination sequence and detaches, creation of pre mRNA

45
Q

Is there proofreading happening in transcription?

A

no

46
Q

What happens in between transcription and translation?

A

processing of pre-mRNA

47
Q

Where does the processing of pre-mRNA happen?

A

the nucleus

48
Q

What are the steps of mRNA processing?

A

splicing, 5’ cap, poly A tail

49
Q

What happens in splicing?

A

separation of exons (exit the nucleus, will be preserved and EXpressed) and introns (won’t be carried over to protein synthesis leading to a formation of a splicosome

50
Q

What are introns?

A

noncoding regions

51
Q

What are exons?

A

regions of sequence that are expressed (called domain)

52
Q

What are spliceosomes?

A

the complex of short nucleoribonuleoproteins (snRNP) that lassos the introns and joins exons together in different orders (ex: exon 1 with exon 3)

53
Q

What happens in the 5’ cap?

A

the sequence of biomolecules that prevents degradation

54
Q

What happens in the poly-A tail addition?

A

added to 3’ end that prevents degradation, sequence of adenines

55
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

non-proteins that cut the lasso of a splicosome and physically splice the RNA

56
Q

Why are introns important?

A

controls where genes are translated and results in the process where multiple genes codes for 1 protein

57
Q

What are the components involved in translation?

A

Ribosome that has 2 subunits (small and big) and tRNA

58
Q

What happens in the first step of initiation in translation?

A

small subunit joins 5’ end to look for start codon (AUG)

59
Q

What happens in the second step of initiation in translation?

A

large subunit joins small subunit, tRNA encodes MET amino acid

60
Q

In ribosome, what does the P site do?

A 
in the middle, holds the tRNA that carries the growing 
polypeptide chain (pass peptide site)
61
Q

In ribosome, what does the A site do?

A

holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid

to be added to the chain (arriving site)

62
Q

In ribosome, what does the E site do?

A

tRNAs leave the ribosome (exit)

63
Q

What are the steps of translation?

A

initiation, translation, termination

64
Q

What is the first step in elongation for translation?

A

tRNA binds to next site that arrives at A site and binds with anticodon

65
Q

What is the second step in elongation for translation?

A

passing peptide from A site to P site

66
Q

What is the third step in elongation for translation

A

tRNA moves to P site with the amino acids attached to make polypeptide chain until termination

67
Q

What happens in the termination of translation?

A

translation of mRNA hits a stop codon and DO NOT have a tRNA, the release factor occupies the A site to release polypeptide chain while ribosome separates

68
Q

What does the release factor add?

A

water

69
Q

What is wobble base pairing?

A

3rd position of the nucleotide has flexibility in pairing, happens in translation (5’ to 3’)

70
Q

What is spontaneous in DNA?

A

replication, recombination, repair

71
Q

What are mutagens?

A

physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

72
Q

What are point mutations?

A

single base pair mutations

73
Q

What are the types of point mutations?

A

substitution, deletion, and insertion

74
Q

What happens in substitution?

A

Replaces one nucleotide in either stand to make a silent mutation, nonsense mutation, missense mutation

75
Q

What happens in insertions and deletions?

A

Additions or losses of nucleotide

pairs in a gene that can have a disastrous effect on a protein and not be able to have a sequence divisible by 3

General Bio I (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions