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General Bio I > Chapter 6 (Endomembrane system) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (Endomembrane system) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

the simplest collection of matter that lives

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2
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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3
Q

Humans have which type of cell?

A

eukaryotic cell

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4
Q

ALL types of cells share which common features?

A

plasma membrane to the different interior from exterior
cytosol that keeps the organelles floating around
chromosomes that store genetic material
ribosomes which are the unit that creates proteins

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5
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having…

A

NO nucleus
DNA that is kept free in one area called the nucleoid region
NO membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having

A

membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, they are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

one interconnected system of membrane consisting of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

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8
Q

Where are most of the DNA held in the cell?

A

the nucleus

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9
Q

DNA is found in what state in the nucleus?

A

as chromatin, strings of protein

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10
Q

What is the condensed version of chromatin called?

A

chromosomes

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11
Q

Where is the nucleolus?

A

within the nucleus

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12
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

the site of RNA synthesis

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13
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

it encloses the nucleus, has pores, has a nuclear lamina

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14
Q

What are the pores in the nuclear envelope for?

A

regulation of entry and exist of genetic molecules mostly in the form of RNA

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15
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

it is the proteins that help structure and network to maintain the shape of the nuclear envelope (crosshatches)

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16
Q

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum found?

A

attached to the nucleus, for the ease of genetic transfer

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17
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

smooth and rough

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18
Q

What does the rough ER do and have?

A

the rough ER has proteins bound to it

it reads genetic material from the nucleus and forms proteins

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19
Q

What does the smooth ER do and have?

A

no proteins bound to it
assemblers phospholipids for the membrane
generates steroid lipids
stores calcium

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20
Q

What does the ER receive?

A

raw protein products getting filtered into it

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21
Q

What happens to the raw protein products after they go through the ER?

A

distributed to transport vesicles leading to the Golgi apparatus

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22
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus consist of?

A

flattened membrane sacs

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

A

receiving raw material at the cis-face side (inward curve) and move throughout the layers to get process until the trans face

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24
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

sorts and package into vesicles
makes modifications so that materials go to the right place
modify ER products
delivers to different areas using vesicles

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25
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

membrane vesicles aka the molecular stomach

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26
Q

What is the purpose of a lysosome?

A

to digest molecules using enzymes

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27
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

membrane vesicles that ARE NOT PART OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

28
Q

What is the purpose of peroxisome?

A

use oxygen to breakdown components and metabolizes lipids

29
Q

What are the energy-producing organelles?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

30
Q

____ and ____ are called autonomous organelles because _____

A

the mitochondria and chloroplast are called autonomous organelles because they have their own DNA and divide themselves

31
Q

The mitochondria is unique because it has 2 ____ of its own

A

The mitochondria are unique because it has 2 membranes of its own

32
Q

What are the mitochondria for?

A

cellular respiration, produce energy

33
Q

What is the intermembrane space?

A

space between the two membranes of a mitochondrion

34
Q

What is the matrix?

A

the space inside a mitochondrion

35
Q

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded because

A

there is more surface area for chemical energy conversion of ATP

36
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

in plants and algae

37
Q

What do chloroplasts use for energy conversion?

A

light energy

38
Q

What catches the light energy in the chloroplasts?

A

chlorophyll

39
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

protein network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

40
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

supports cell and helps maintain shape, regulation of movement

41
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

42
Q

What are microtubules?

A

hollow tube aka tracks for vesicles movement like a highway road

43
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

globular filaments that are rod like

44
Q

What is the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments

45
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

ropes of proteins that are hard to break down and are tightly packed that are able to withstand stress

46
Q

Motor proteins use this to move in one certain direction

A

motor proteins use microtubules to move in one certain direction (growing is positive and negative is anchored)

47
Q

What do microtubules produce?

A

structures for mitosis to occur, cilia, and flagella

48
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

microtubule organized center, contains a pair of centrioles

49
Q

What are microfilaments used for?

A

push and pull of plasma membrane by forming the cortex

50
Q

What transitions do microfilaments make?

A

sol-gel transitions (solid to fluid)

51
Q

Where can you find microfilaments?

A

muscles, near the inner part of plasma membrane

52
Q

What is the outside of the cell called?

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

53
Q

What is the ECM made of?

A

proteins excreted from cells, structures outside the cells (fibronectin)

54
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

an outside protein that connections the membrane to the extracellular environment

55
Q

What is proteoglycan?

A

protein+carbohydrate that helps connect external environment for support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

56
Q

What are intracellular junctions?

A

neighboring cells in tissues or organ systems often adhering, interacting, and communicating through physical contact

57
Q

What are some types of intracellular junctions?

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata

58
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

line of demarkation, separates environments

59
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

an anchor, two cells adhere and become a unit

60
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

pores between two different cells for communication

61
Q

What are plasmodesmatas?

A

they are found in plant cells, have to communicate through cell walls and plasma membranes (a type of gap junction)

62
Q

What is the nucleus for?

A

primarily for messaging, copying DNA, and converting to RNA, holding genetic material

63
Q

What protein makes microtubules?

A

tubulin

64
Q

What does tubulin (protein) make?

A

microtubules

65
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments under the plasma membrane called?

A

the cortex

General Bio I (18 decks)

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