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Biology > Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants

A

Easily observed characteristics
Short generation time
Fertilization can be controlled

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2
Q

What is p generation

A

Parental generation

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3
Q

What is the p generation

A

True breeding or pure bred parents

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4
Q

True breeding or purebred parents pass what

A

Their traits over and over again

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5
Q

F1 generation

A

Offspring of p generation

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6
Q

Mono hybrid cross

A

Mating between 2 organism which are similar in everything except 1 character

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7
Q

What is a dominant trait

A

A trait that shows up in every generation

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8
Q

Recessive trait

A

Trait that skips one or more generation

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9
Q

Alleles

A

For each character encoded by a gene, we have two versions

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10
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

Same two dominant alleles

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11
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

The same two recessive alleles

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

One dominant and one recessive alleles

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13
Q

What are examples of genotype

A

Homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous

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14
Q

What is a genotype

A

Genetic make up of organism tell us about genes or alleles

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15
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Phenotype tells us about physical features of an organism; something we can see or observe

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16
Q

Example of phenotype

A

Purple flowers and white flowers

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17
Q

In pea plants, 2 different ________, ___________ & __________ produce purple flowers, while ___________ produce white flowers

A

Genotypes, homozygous dominant and heterozygous, homozygous recessive

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18
Q

The Punnett square

A

Way to determine probably of seeing a particular trait in offspring

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19
Q

Phenotype ratio

A

Ratio between all physical features

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20
Q

Genotype ratio

A

A ratio between genetic make up

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21
Q

What is the difference between homologous and homozygous

A

Having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homozygous referees to a genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a gene

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22
Q

Traits encoded by genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are more likely to do what?

A

Inherited together than those encoded by the genes far apart

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23
Q

How do we know if an animal is really a purebred?

A

Test cross

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24
Q

Test cross

A

Used to determine whether unknown genotype is homozygous dominant (pure bred) or heterozygous (mutt)

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25
Q

Wild type traits

A

Most often seen in nature and not necessarily specified by dominant allele

26
Q

Example of wild type trait

A

Having no freckles, or normal pigmentation?

27
Q

What are unique about autosomal disorders in humans (as far as alleles)

A

They can be dominant recessive

28
Q

Pedigree

A

Shows the inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations

29
Q

Example of pedigree

A

Family tree

30
Q

When a shape is half shaded what does that mean

A

They are a carrier, heterozygous for recessive trait

31
Q

Amiocentesis

A

Needle extracts amniotic fluid

32
Q

What is amniotic fluid

A

Fluid that surrounds fetus

33
Q

When does amniocentesis occur

A

Performed between 14-20 weeks of pregnancy

34
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

Suction tube extracts tissue from chorionic villi (growth found in placenta)

35
Q

Which Karyotyping procedure is less invasive for fetus

A

CVS

36
Q

When is chorionic villus sampling performed

A

8-12 weeks of pregnancy

37
Q

When can you get the results of amniocentesis

A

Several weeks

38
Q

When can you get the results of CVS

A

Several hours

39
Q

Biochemical test analyze what

A

Gene products: enzymes and other proteins

40
Q

Amniocentesis and CVS have in common?

A

Both can cause miscarriages

41
Q

Genetic tests analyze what

A

DNA itself

42
Q

In a cross between 2 heterozygous phenotypes and genotype ratios….

A

Are the same

43
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygous genotype has a phenotype that is intermediate between phenotypes of the two homozygotes

44
Q

Why is incomplete dominance not truly dominant?

A

Because it can’t mask the recessive allele from being seen

45
Q

What is an example of incomplete dominance in humans

A

LDL receptors

46
Q

LDL: homozygous HH (dominant), does what? And what characteristics

A

Ability to make LDL receptors, normal concentration of cholesterol in blood

47
Q

What is the genotype of normal cholesterol

A

HH

48
Q

What is the genotype of someone with a mild disease of hypercholesteromia?

A

Hh, heterozygous

49
Q

What is the phenotype of someone with mild disease of hypercholestermia?

A

1/2 of LDL receptors

50
Q

What is the genotype of someone with high cholesterol

A

hh, homozygous

51
Q

Pertaining to LDL, someone that is homozygous recessive has the ability to do what?

A

The inability to make LDL receptors

52
Q

Can there be more than one dominant allele or a gene,

A

Yes, codominance

53
Q

What is codominance

A

Two different alleles of a single gene are expressed and they don’t overpower each other in the phenotype

54
Q

Example of codominance

A

AB blood type in humans

55
Q

Gene that determines blood type in humans have how many different type of alleles

A

3 different types

56
Q

What are the different types of alleles that determine blood

A

Ia, Ib, i

57
Q

Which allele is dominant for blood

A

Ia and Ib, they codominate

58
Q

What is pleiotrophy

A

Single gene affects several phenotypic characters

59
Q

What is an example of pleiotrophy

A

Sickle cell anemia

60
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Get abnormal hemnoglobin chrystallizes causing red blood cells tod become sickle shaped and get stuck in vessels and can’t deliver enough oxygen to organs…causing damage to other organs

61
Q

In humans, what determines the sex of the baby?

A

The Y chromosome

Biology (14 decks)

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