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Biology > Chapter 21: Nutrition And Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Nutrition And Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals fall into one of _____ categories

A

4

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2
Q

All animals are what

A

Heterotrophs

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3
Q

Herbivores eat what

A

Autotrophs

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4
Q

Carnivores eat what

A

Other heterotrophs

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5
Q

Omnivores eat

A

Both plants and animals

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6
Q

Detritivores

A

Eat decomposing organisms

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7
Q

What are the states of animals digesting their food

A

1) ingestion
2) digestion
3) absorption
4) Elimination

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8
Q

Earthworms, birds, and grasshoppers have what

A

Crop and gizzard

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9
Q

Crop

A

Stores the food

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10
Q

Gizzard

A

Grinds the food

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11
Q

Where does digestion begin

A

In the mouth

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12
Q

Saliva does what

A

Moistens and lubricates food

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13
Q

Saliva contains what

A

Antibacterial agent and amylase

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14
Q

What is the tongue function

A

Tongues folds the food in the mouth into bolus and moves it toward the pharynx

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15
Q

Epiglottis

A

Small flap of tissue that prevents bolus of food from going into the trachea

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16
Q

What moves food through peristalsis

A

Esophagus

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17
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions

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18
Q

Chyme

A

A mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice

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19
Q

What bacteria lives in our stomach

A

H pylori

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20
Q

H pylori

A

Bacteria that causes ulcers

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21
Q

Digestion and nutrient absorption occur where

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

Small intestine consist of

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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23
Q

Duodenum is responsible for

A

Digestion

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24
Q

Jejunum and ileum are responsible for

A

Absorption

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25
Q

Duodenum

A

Where chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas liver and gallblader

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26
Q

Accessory organs include

A

Salivary glands, gall bladder, liver and pancreas

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27
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juices containing digestive enyzymes- all four macromolecules & bicarbonate

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28
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Neutralizes acidic chyme, making it slightly basic, and its a buffer

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29
Q

Pancreas produces what hormones

A

Insulin and glucagon

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30
Q

Insulin and glucagon control

A

Blood glucose levels

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31
Q

What happens when eating a carbohydrate rich meal

A

Glucose level increases in blood, beta cells of pancreas produce insulin, glucose becomes converted to glycogen in liver and skeletal muscles

Insulin- decreased concentration of glucose in blood

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32
Q

When fasting or exercising what happens to glucose levels`

A

Decreases, gamma cells of pancreas to produce glucagon, glycogen becolmnes broken down in liver and skeletal muscles,

Glucagon - increase concentration of blood level

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33
Q

Liver produces what

A

Bile

34
Q

Bile is stored where

A

Gallbladder until needed

35
Q

Bile

A

Neither hormone or enzyme and bile salts breaks up fat into small droplets that are more susceptible to attack by lipases

36
Q

Lipases

A

Chemically digest lipids

37
Q

Pancreases produces whaat digestive enzymes

A

Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, nucleases, and lipase

38
Q

Small intestine produces

A

Maltase, sucrase, lactase, various peptidases

39
Q

Carbohydrates are digested where

A

In the mouth and small intestine

40
Q

Carbs are digestive by what

A

Salivary amylase (in the mouth) and pancreatic amylase, maltase and sucrase (small intestine)

41
Q

Proteins are digested where

A

In the stomach and small intestine

42
Q

Proteins are digested by what

A

Pepsin (in stomach) and trypsin, chymotrypsin and various peptidases (in small intestine)

43
Q

Lipids are digested where

A

Small intestine

44
Q

Lipids are digested by what

A

Bile and lipase

45
Q

Nucleic acids are digested where

A

Small intestine

46
Q

Nucleic acids are digested by what

A

Nucleases: dnase and rnase in small intestine

47
Q

Epithelial wall is covered with (small intestine)

A

Villi

48
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike projections which in turn are covered by microvilli

49
Q

Microvilli and villi

A

Greatly increases surface area for absorption

50
Q

Underneath and within villi are

A

Lymph and blood vessels

51
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol recombine

A

Into fats which become coated with proteins and transported into the lymph vessels

52
Q

Absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides

A

AA and monosaccharides pass out of intestinal epithelium into blood vessels that take them into liver for modification

53
Q

Liver receives most what

A

Products of digestion except fats

54
Q

Liver functions

A

Converts glucose to glycogen, stores detoxifies substances make some proteins and produce bile

55
Q

What happens in large intestine

A

Unabsorbed food and undirected food materials move from the ileum to large intestine

56
Q

What from the large intestine attaches to the appendix

A

Cecum

57
Q

Large intestines functions by

A

Absorbing water, vitamins, and prepares feces for expulsion

58
Q

Does large intestine digest food

A

No, not in humans

59
Q

What three areas does food do not digest (in humans_

A

Pharynx, esophagus, large intestine

60
Q

How can digestive systems adapt to different diets

A

The digestive systems of animals have evolved to fit their diets

61
Q

Herbivores have longer _______ and larger _____ than carnivores (helps with the digestion of cellulose)

A

Digestive tract and cecum

62
Q

What animals have a four chambered stomach

A

Cattle, deer, and sheep

63
Q

What are the 4 chambered stomach

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasym

64
Q

Rumen

A

Contains cellulose digestive bacteria

65
Q

Abodmasum

A

The stomach that produces gastric juices

66
Q

Essential nutrients cannons be made

A

From raw materials

67
Q

What are 4 classes of essential nutrients

A

Essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals

68
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Used to make phospholipids of cell membranes and internal membrane

69
Q

Where are fatty acids found

A

Found in seeds, grains, and vegetables

70
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Used to make proteins

71
Q

Where are essential amino acids found

A

Meats, eggs, and mild

72
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic nutrients that are essential for us but in small amounts

73
Q

What are two types of vitamins

A

Water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins

74
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic nutrients other than C, O, H and N

75
Q

3 important minerals

A

Calcium, phosphorus, and iron

76
Q

Balanced diets helps what

A

Animals function efficiently

77
Q

What does a balanced diet contain

A

40% carbs
30% proteins
30%fats

78
Q

What kind of diets can be harmful

A

Fat diets

79
Q

1 kcal =

A

1 cal = 1 calories

80
Q

How many servings should we eat of variety of fruits and vegetables daily

A

Five or more

Biology (14 decks)

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