Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards
what is the weakest chemical bond
hydrogen
Cell
fundamental unit of life
what are 3 essential trace elements?
iodine, iron, and flourine
what are the types of ions?
cations and ions
example of ecosystem
non living elements; h20, soil, air, and sunlight
How do we correct acidosis
By breathing or adding HCO3-
why does ice floats in water?
ice is less dense than liquid water, ice floats on water
cohesion
attraction of water molecules to each other through h bonds
Explains what happens when alkalosis occurs (co2, h2co3,H+,blood pH)
Decrease in carbon dioxide
Decrease in carbonic acid
Decrease in hydrogen atom
Increase in blood pHg
normal blood has the pH of what?
7.4, slightly basic
mass number
or protons + # of neutrons
element
substance cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
What is the order of Biological Organization?
Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organs and organ systems, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule
protons
positively charged ions
What forms when the number of electrons change?
ions
Populational Level consist of what biological organization?
population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
solvent
something that dissolves
electrons
negatively charged ions
valence shell determines
the chemical properties of the atom
Nervous system contains?
brain, spinal chord, and nerves
adhesion
attraction of water molecules to polar molecules other than water through h bonds
anions
negatively charged ions, resulting from the gain of electrons (-)
ion
atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
electronegativity
atoms attraction (pull) for shared electrons
range of acid solution?
0-6
Hyperventilation
Breathing too much
electron has the highest energy when?
furthest away from the nucleus
example of population
school master snapper
ex of biosphere
water in any form land and lower atmosphere
organism
complete living thing
polar covalent bond
unequally share their outer shell electrons due to substantial difference in electronegativities
What causes hyperventilation
Stress and anxiety
nonpolar covalent bonds
equally share their outer shell electrons, same or similar electronegativities
trace elements are essential for?
life but only in small amounts
cations
positively charged ions, resulting from the loss of electrons (+)
radioactive isotopes
nucleus breaks down (decays) spontaneously giving off particles and energy (radioactive decay)
What is the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer made of
H20 + Co2 H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) + H+
Acidosis
Occurs when pH becomes too acidic due to high concentric of H+
What are the types of chemical bonds?
Covalent, Ionic, hydrogen
Electrons are directly involved in what?
chemical activity
Iodine is used for?
used to make thyroid hormones
surface tension
measures of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
example of community
alligators, snakes, trees, and micro-organisms
range of neutral solution
7
number of neutrons
mass number - atomic number
tissue
group of familiar cells that perform a specific function
flourine is needed for?
reduce tooth decay
pH scale measures
concentration of H+ ions in a solution and describes how acidic or basic it is
how many elements are essential to life
25
atomic mass
is approximately equal to its mass number
solute
something being dissolved
The cellular level contains what levels or organizations?
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell
What happens to blood when you have alkalosis
Occurs when blood raises above 7.45
biosphere
all of earths ecosystems
emergent properties
new properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level
what is the strongest chemical bond
Covalent
acid solution
concentration higher in H+ ions than OH-
isotopes
atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but different number or neutrons
Organelle
specialized part of the cell with its own specific funtion
ecosystem
community and physical enviornment
What does carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
Maintains acid-base balance in our blood
How is acidosis related to blood
Blood pH falls below 7.35
neutral solution
concentration is equal in H+ ions and OH-
Hydrogen bonds are more stable in water or ice?
ice
What can cause hypoventilation
Pneumonia or emphysema (respiratory disease)
valence shell
number of electrons in the outermost shell
organ
body structure composed of serveral different tissue
ionic bond
oppositely charged ions (cations and anions)
How can alkalosis be corrected
By adding carbonic acid or by putting paper bag over the mouth and start breathing
99% of our bodies is made up of
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen calcium, and phosphorus
compound
substances consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
Alkalosis is caused by what
Hyperventilation
basic solution
concentration is lower in H+ ions than OH-
hydrogen bond
forms between h atom and one molecule and oxygen, nitrogen, and flourine atom
neutrons
no change ions
Alkalosis
When blood pH becomes too basic due to lower concentration of H+ ions
Hypoventilation
When we breathe too little
Atoms
Smallest unit of an element
population
group or organism of the same species living in the same place
electrons shells indicate
amount of energy that an electron has
Nerve cell does what?
transmit information to and from the brain
buffer
substance that minimizes changes in pH
Explains what happens when acidosis occurs (co2, h2co3,H+,blood pH)
Concentration in CO2 goes up
Carbonic acid goes up
Hydrogen ions goes up, meaning pH goes down
atomic number
of protons
Organism level contains what biological organizational levels?
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
species
members that interbreed with each other
Molecule
Group of two or more atoms
range of basic solution
8-14
chemical bonds
interactions resulting in atoms staying close together held by attraction
What is caused by acidosis
Hypoventilation
community
all the populations of a different species living in a a particular area
Water molecules are most organized in water or ice?
ice
iron is needed for?
oxygen transport in red blood cells
chemcial reactions
formation and breaking of chemical bonds
where are electrons located?
electrons shells
covalent bond
form between atoms which share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons
organ system
group of organs working together to perform a task
