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Biology > Chapter 4: Tour of the cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tour of the cell Flashcards

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1
Q

plasma memebrane

A

made up of a lipid bilayer - encloses the cytoplasm

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2
Q

which organelle lacks internal membranes in an animal cell

A

ribosomes

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3
Q

where is cytoskeleton is found

A

in all eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

nuclear envelope has what type of membrane

A

double lipid bilayer

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5
Q

what does animal cells have and plant cells lack

A

centrioles and and some lack lysosomes

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6
Q

are actin filaments dynamic

A

yes

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7
Q

what things do a plant cell have and animals do not have

A

cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, plasmodesma

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8
Q

unicellular cell

A

made up of one cell

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9
Q

what is the largest cytoskeleton

A

microtubule

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10
Q

what are the different cytoskeletons

A

microtubule, intermediate filaments, and actin filament (microfilament)

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11
Q

microtubule

A

support and shape the cell, involved in movements of organelles and vesicles within cells, guide movements of chromosomes during cell division

-hollow tubes made up of globular shape and protein, tubulin

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12
Q

confocal microscope

A

uses laser to generate 3d images of living cells

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13
Q

what metabolic compartment that do not orginate from the endomembrane system

A

peroxisomes

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14
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

has nucleus

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15
Q

cell wall

A

protection

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16
Q

chloroplast

A

photsynthesizing membrand bound organelle of plants and algae

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17
Q

anchoring junction

A

cytoskeleton of one cell is connected to cytoskeleton of another cell

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18
Q

explain the 9+2

A

9 outer microtubule doublet, 2 central microtubule - this is surrounded by the plasma membrane

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19
Q

damage done to membranes can be repaired by what

A

phospholipid

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20
Q

what are the 3 functions of SER

A
  1. makes lipids: oils, steroids, and phospholipids
  2. stores Ca2+ in muscles cells
  3. detoxifies drugs and poison in the liver cells
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21
Q

photosynthesis

A

when solar energy (sunlight) is used to make sugar

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22
Q

what is plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic connections between two neighboring plant cells through which ions, amino acids, and same proteins can pass

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23
Q

cilia

A

numerous hair like structures found in cells lining respiratory tract in some protist

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24
Q

what has unicellular and multicellular cells?

A

eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

what are bacteria only organelles?

A

ribosomes

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26
Q

what is the endosymbiosis theory about

A

explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplast

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27
Q

fimbriae

A

allow bacteria to attach to each other and to other surfaces

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28
Q

which electron microscope has the highest resolution

A

transmission electron

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29
Q

what does atp stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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30
Q

what makes up centrosome

A

pair of centrioles

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31
Q

mitochondria

A

carries out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells

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32
Q

secretory pathway

A

series of steps that the cell uses to release secretory proteins and lipids outside of the cell

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33
Q

what type of specimen does light microscopes analyze

A

dead or alive

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34
Q

Pro-karyotic means

A

before nucleus

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35
Q

what are the two types of vacuoles

A

central vacuole and contractile vacuoles

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36
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins

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37
Q

are intermediate filaments dynamic

A

no, stable - don’t break easily

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38
Q

Ribosomes make

A

proteins

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39
Q

what does dynamic mean

A

break and reform

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40
Q

what does the RER modifies proteins into

A

glycoprotein, proteins with short sugar chains

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41
Q

organelle

A

tiny structure that has its own function

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42
Q

what is the name of a unicellular cell

A

prokaryotic

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43
Q

how does the RER gets things to other places

A

transport vesicle buds off from the RER

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44
Q

each ribosomal subunit is composed of

A

rRNA and proteins

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45
Q

what are centrioles made up of

A

microtubles

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46
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of

A

fibrous shaped proteins

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47
Q

what happens on the shipping side

A

the transport vesicle goes from the golgi

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48
Q

electron microscopes

A

uses beam of electrons to generate 3D images

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49
Q

ribosomes works together with _____ to make proteins, this process is called translation

A

mRNA

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50
Q

what are the sides of the golgi

A

shipping and receiving

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51
Q

What is the hollow area in the RER

A

Lumen

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52
Q

what organelles are included in the endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

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53
Q

animal cells have 2 different types of membranes….

A

plasma and internal membranes

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54
Q

what is the smallest cytoskeleton

A

actin filament (microfilament)

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55
Q

intermediate filaments

A

reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles, support the nuclear envolope,

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56
Q

living organism are categorized by

A

unicellular or multicellular

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57
Q

where is the cytoskeleton located

A

inside of the cell, not outside

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58
Q

how many membranes does a mitochondria have and what are they

A

2, inner membrane and outer membrane

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59
Q

what are chaperons

A

proteins that help other proteins fold properly

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60
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound organelles contains digestive enzymes that break down food and bacteria engulfed by white blood cells, and old or damaged cells

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61
Q

higher resolution? electron or light microscope?

A

electron

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62
Q

how does eukaryotic cells move

A

cilia and flagella

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63
Q

multicellular cell

A

made up of 2 or more cells

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64
Q

what happens in the centrisome region

A

cytoplasm where microtubles seperate chromosomes during cell division

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65
Q

Capsule

A

additional protection for bacteria

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66
Q

why do cell needs lipids

A

to make up the membranes

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67
Q

another name for secretion

A

exocytosis

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68
Q

confocal uses what when generating images

A

fluorescent

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69
Q

light microscopes

A

uses light to produce 2D images of animal, plant, protist, and fungal cells, most bacteria and some intracelluladr components (nucleus and mitochondria)

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70
Q

what are the 6 membranes of endomembrane systems

A

nuclear envolope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

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71
Q

how do animal cells stay connected

A

through cell junctions

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72
Q

What are the two type of cells that something can fall into?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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73
Q

are microtubules dynamic

A

yes

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74
Q

what does fimbriae attach to

A

skin, teeth or food

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75
Q

what does a phospholipid contain

A

a hydrophillic head and 2 hydrophobic tails

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76
Q

cytoplasm

A

semifluid made up of cytosol and organelles

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77
Q

What happens when micromolecules are in the golgi

A

macromolecules are further modified in the golgi lumen making lipids into glycolipids and then are shipped to the shipping side

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78
Q

what does the crista matrix contain DNA and ribosomes

A

crista matrix

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79
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus

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80
Q

Nucleolus

A

inside of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA are produced and combinded with proteins to form small and large ribosomal subunits

81
Q

peroxisomes

A

contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide - break down fatty acids

82
Q

function of the golgi apparatus

A

packaging, distribution and additional processing of molecules

83
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments which organize the structure and activities of the cell

84
Q

example of unicellular cell

A

bacteria, archae, yeast, and most protist

85
Q

What is ECM made of

A

fibrous protein and glycoprotein

86
Q

what type of specimen does electron microscopes analyze

A

dead only

87
Q

what are the three functions of the RER

A
  1. make proteins
  2. modifies proteins
  3. contains chaperon
88
Q

what is outside of the animal plasma membrane

A

extracelular matrix (ECM)

89
Q

where are microtubules located

A

in centrioles, flagella, and cilia

90
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent fluid from moving across a layer cells

91
Q

resolution

A

the ability to see two close objects as seperate

92
Q

what is the folding of inner membrane that allows the membrane to increase in surface area

A

crista matrix

93
Q

how many cells in a human body?

A

about 100 trillion cells

94
Q

what are cell walls made up of

A

cellulose

95
Q

where does an animal store water?

A

central vacuole

96
Q

cytosol

A

a liquid of cytoplasm

97
Q

proteins made in RER and modified in golgi work best….

A

at acidic pH

98
Q

what is the ratio of array of microtubles of cilia and flagella

A

9+2

99
Q

what is another small feature that mitochondia makes

A

proteins

100
Q

how do you kill a bacteria?

A

kill cell wall

101
Q

how many centrioles does an animal cell have

A

2

102
Q

actin filament

A

supports the cell shape and involved in cell movements, contract muscles, crawling of white blood cells

103
Q

how can we see 3D images of living organisms

A

confocal microscope

104
Q

which Endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on it

A

rough er

105
Q

what falls under prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea

106
Q

what happens on the receiving side of the golgi

A

receives transport vescles carrying protein and glycoproteins from RER and lipids from SER

107
Q

fibrous protein contain

A

collagen

108
Q

eukaryotic animal cells are made up with type of membrane

A

plasma membrane - lipid bilayer

109
Q

eu-karyotic means

A

true nucleus

110
Q

what produces atp

A

mitochondria

111
Q

semifluid in chloroplast contains

A

thylakoids, DNA and ribosomes

112
Q

central vacuole

A

stores water, food, and waste

113
Q

what makes the plant green

A

chlorophyll inside of the chloroplast

114
Q

contractile vacuole

A

regulate water balance

115
Q

nucleus

A

membrane organelle that contains most of the cells DNA and RNA

116
Q

what are the types of electron microscopes

A

scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope

117
Q

which microscope has the highest resolution

A

electron microscopes

118
Q

how do plant cells communicate with each other

A

plasmodesmata

119
Q

flagella

A

tail like structure that allows sperm cells and protist and bacteria to move

120
Q

what is the hollow area in golgi

A

lumen

121
Q

where are contractile vacuole

A

found in protist

122
Q

examples of multicellular cells

A

animals, plants, all other fungi, and some protist

123
Q

where is chlorophyll located

A

in the thylakoid in the chlorplast

124
Q

what is the membrane that encloses the thylakoid

A

thylakoid membrane

125
Q

what is the shape of actin filament

A

globular shaped protein

126
Q

gap junction

A

involves the formation of gap between plasma membrane of adjacent cells, allowing ions, amino acids, and sugars to pass through it

127
Q

does bacteria have a cell wall

A

yes

128
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and protein makes up chromosomes

129
Q

where are central vacuole found

A

in plants

130
Q

endosymbiosis

A

living together in close association

131
Q

Bacterial chromosomes

A

made of DNA and proteins

132
Q

what are the types of eukaryotic cells

A

animals, protist, fungi, and plants

133
Q

nucleoid

A

region of the cytoplasm where the cells DNA is found

134
Q

Examples of unicellular

A

Bacteria and archaeans

135
Q

What type of DNA does bacteria cells have

A

Circular double stranded DNA

136
Q

Bacterial cells don’t have what

A

Internal membranes

137
Q

Example of cells that has flagellum

A

Bacteria and sperm cells

138
Q

What are the two types of bacteria

A

Gram positive and gram negative

139
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Retain grain stain (purple color stain)

140
Q

Example of gram positive bacteria

A

Streptococcus

141
Q

What type of cell wall does gram positive have

A

A thick peptidoghycan layer

142
Q

What is peptidogycan layer

A

It is in gram positive bacteria and it consist of polysaccharides and peptides

143
Q

What is gram negative bacteria

A

Lose purple color strain and turn light pink

144
Q

Gram negative example

A

E. Coli

145
Q

What type of cell wall does gram negative bacteria has

A

Contains lipopolysaccharides and other materials covering a thin peptide sigma glycan layer

146
Q

What is lipopolysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides with lipids

147
Q

Peptidoglycan can be targeted by what that disrupts crossing linking between peptides?

A

Penicillin

148
Q

How does penicillin helps kill bacteria

A

Cell wall weakens and burst, killing the bacterium

149
Q

What doesn’t penicillin kill

A

Bacteria that cell wall which lacks peptioglycan

150
Q

Penicillin kills gram positive or gram negative

A

Gram positive

151
Q

How does bacteria move around

A

Flagellum

152
Q

ATP is what

A

A nucleotide

153
Q

What is MTOC

A

Microtuble organism center, region of cytoplasm where microtubles that separate chromosomes during cell division grow out from

154
Q

Plant cells lack what and not all have what

A

Centrioles and lysosomes

155
Q

Two functions of nucleolus

A

1) region where ribosomal RNA (rRNAs) are made

2) ribosomal rRNA combine with protein to form small and large ribosomal subunits

156
Q

Nucleus contains what type of DNA

A

Linear DNA

157
Q

Ribosomes works with what?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) to make protein translation

158
Q

Each ribosomal subunit is composed of what

A

rRNA and proteins

159
Q

White blood cells that produce antibodies are rich in what

A

RER

160
Q

Antibodies are what

A

Proteins

161
Q

Cells of testes and ovaries that produce testosterone and estrogen are rich in what

A

SER

162
Q

Nickname for Golgi apparatus

A

Post office

163
Q

Golgi apparatus cis side

A

Receiving side

164
Q

Golgi apparatus trans face

A

Shipping side

165
Q

In Golgi apparatus glyolipids are made where

A

In lumenq

166
Q

What is this secretory paths for lipids and proteins

A

Er used by transport vehicle to Golgi then to cell membrane by secretory vesicles then to outside the cell

167
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Membrane bond pocked dervived from membrane of rough ER and SER

168
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Derived from the membrane of Golgi

169
Q

What is the name of the process when proteins and lipids are released from the cell

A

Secretion or exocytosis

170
Q

Hydrolytic enzyme

A

Protein made in RER and modified in Golgi. Works best in acidic pH

171
Q

Tonoplast

A

Is a membrane that encloses central vacuole

172
Q

Is mitochondria found in all eukaryotic cells

A

No, almost all

173
Q

Mitochondria membrane, describe

A

2 membranes with phospholipids

174
Q

What type of DNA does mitochondria have

A

Circular, double stranded

175
Q

Do lysosomes have membranes

A

Yes

176
Q

Name of photosynthetic bacteria

A

Cyanobacteria

177
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria that lacks chloroplast but has chlorophyll

178
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory

A

the theory explains origins of mitochondria and chloroplast

179
Q

Evidence in support of endosymbiotic theory

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplast surrounded by two membranes

DNA inside both are similar to bacterial DNA in size and shape.

Ribosomes inside mitochondria and chloroplast are similar to bacteria ribosomes

Both replicate binary fission- not mitosis

180
Q

Dynamic means

A

Break and reforms

181
Q

What is so important about actin filaments to us and protist

A

Allow muscles to contract by interacting with protein myosin and our WBC’s and amoebas to move by crawling

182
Q

What are considered the “trucks” that move their cargo

A

Motor proteins

183
Q

Motor proteins require what

A

Need ATP

184
Q

What is considered the highway

A

Microtubule

185
Q

Types of motor proteins

A

Dynein or kinesin

186
Q

Flagellum has what type of arrangement of microtubles

A

9+2

187
Q

Cilia has what type of arrangement of microtubles

A

9+2

188
Q

Centrioles has what type of arrangement with microtubles

A

9+ 0

189
Q

Basal body have what type of arrangement with microtubles

A

9+0

190
Q

Basal body

A

Region where microtubles inside of flagellum tails grows out

191
Q

Proteoglycan

A

Protein with 1 or more long polysaccharide attached to them

192
Q

Types of fibrous proteins

A

Collagen and elastin

193
Q

What are the three junctions between animal cells

A

Tight, anchoring, and communicating (gap)

194
Q

What is the most common junction between cells

A

Gap/communication junction

195
Q

Allows ions, amino acids and sugars to travel from the cytoplasm of the neighboring cell, made of protein connexon

A

Communication or gap junction

196
Q

Does plants have ECM

A

No

197
Q

Plants have what? Which is made up of cellulose

A

Primary and secondary cell walls

198
Q

What is middle lamella

A

Holds plant cells together

199
Q

How are plant cells linked (communication)

A

With cell membrane, not connexons

Biology (14 decks)

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