Chapter 4: Tour of the cell Flashcards
plasma memebrane
made up of a lipid bilayer - encloses the cytoplasm
which organelle lacks internal membranes in an animal cell
ribosomes
where is cytoskeleton is found
in all eukaryotic cells
nuclear envelope has what type of membrane
double lipid bilayer
what does animal cells have and plant cells lack
centrioles and and some lack lysosomes
are actin filaments dynamic
yes
what things do a plant cell have and animals do not have
cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, plasmodesma
unicellular cell
made up of one cell
what is the largest cytoskeleton
microtubule
what are the different cytoskeletons
microtubule, intermediate filaments, and actin filament (microfilament)
microtubule
support and shape the cell, involved in movements of organelles and vesicles within cells, guide movements of chromosomes during cell division
-hollow tubes made up of globular shape and protein, tubulin
confocal microscope
uses laser to generate 3d images of living cells
what metabolic compartment that do not orginate from the endomembrane system
peroxisomes
eukaryotic cells
has nucleus
cell wall
protection
chloroplast
photsynthesizing membrand bound organelle of plants and algae
anchoring junction
cytoskeleton of one cell is connected to cytoskeleton of another cell
explain the 9+2
9 outer microtubule doublet, 2 central microtubule - this is surrounded by the plasma membrane
damage done to membranes can be repaired by what
phospholipid
what are the 3 functions of SER
- makes lipids: oils, steroids, and phospholipids
- stores Ca2+ in muscles cells
- detoxifies drugs and poison in the liver cells
photosynthesis
when solar energy (sunlight) is used to make sugar
what is plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic connections between two neighboring plant cells through which ions, amino acids, and same proteins can pass
cilia
numerous hair like structures found in cells lining respiratory tract in some protist
what has unicellular and multicellular cells?
eukaryotic cells
what are bacteria only organelles?
ribosomes
what is the endosymbiosis theory about
explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplast
fimbriae
allow bacteria to attach to each other and to other surfaces
which electron microscope has the highest resolution
transmission electron
what does atp stand for
adenosine triphosphate
what makes up centrosome
pair of centrioles
mitochondria
carries out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
secretory pathway
series of steps that the cell uses to release secretory proteins and lipids outside of the cell
what type of specimen does light microscopes analyze
dead or alive
Pro-karyotic means
before nucleus
what are the two types of vacuoles
central vacuole and contractile vacuoles
ribosomes
make proteins
are intermediate filaments dynamic
no, stable - don’t break easily
Ribosomes make
proteins
what does dynamic mean
break and reform
what does the RER modifies proteins into
glycoprotein, proteins with short sugar chains
organelle
tiny structure that has its own function
what is the name of a unicellular cell
prokaryotic
how does the RER gets things to other places
transport vesicle buds off from the RER
each ribosomal subunit is composed of
rRNA and proteins
what are centrioles made up of
microtubles
what are intermediate filaments made of
fibrous shaped proteins
what happens on the shipping side
the transport vesicle goes from the golgi
electron microscopes
uses beam of electrons to generate 3D images
ribosomes works together with _____ to make proteins, this process is called translation
mRNA
what are the sides of the golgi
shipping and receiving
What is the hollow area in the RER
Lumen
what organelles are included in the endosymbiosis theory
mitochondria and chloroplast
animal cells have 2 different types of membranes….
plasma and internal membranes
what is the smallest cytoskeleton
actin filament (microfilament)
intermediate filaments
reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles, support the nuclear envolope,
living organism are categorized by
unicellular or multicellular
where is the cytoskeleton located
inside of the cell, not outside
how many membranes does a mitochondria have and what are they
2, inner membrane and outer membrane
what are chaperons
proteins that help other proteins fold properly
lysosomes
membrane bound organelles contains digestive enzymes that break down food and bacteria engulfed by white blood cells, and old or damaged cells
higher resolution? electron or light microscope?
electron
how does eukaryotic cells move
cilia and flagella
multicellular cell
made up of 2 or more cells
what happens in the centrisome region
cytoplasm where microtubles seperate chromosomes during cell division
Capsule
additional protection for bacteria
why do cell needs lipids
to make up the membranes
another name for secretion
exocytosis
confocal uses what when generating images
fluorescent
light microscopes
uses light to produce 2D images of animal, plant, protist, and fungal cells, most bacteria and some intracelluladr components (nucleus and mitochondria)
what are the 6 membranes of endomembrane systems
nuclear envolope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane
how do animal cells stay connected
through cell junctions
What are the two type of cells that something can fall into?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
are microtubules dynamic
yes
what does fimbriae attach to
skin, teeth or food
what does a phospholipid contain
a hydrophillic head and 2 hydrophobic tails
cytoplasm
semifluid made up of cytosol and organelles
What happens when micromolecules are in the golgi
macromolecules are further modified in the golgi lumen making lipids into glycolipids and then are shipped to the shipping side
what does the crista matrix contain DNA and ribosomes
crista matrix
Prokaryotic cells
no nucleus
Nucleolus
inside of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA are produced and combinded with proteins to form small and large ribosomal subunits
peroxisomes
contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide - break down fatty acids
function of the golgi apparatus
packaging, distribution and additional processing of molecules
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments which organize the structure and activities of the cell
example of unicellular cell
bacteria, archae, yeast, and most protist
What is ECM made of
fibrous protein and glycoprotein
what type of specimen does electron microscopes analyze
dead only
what are the three functions of the RER
- make proteins
- modifies proteins
- contains chaperon
what is outside of the animal plasma membrane
extracelular matrix (ECM)
where are microtubules located
in centrioles, flagella, and cilia
tight junctions
prevent fluid from moving across a layer cells
resolution
the ability to see two close objects as seperate
what is the folding of inner membrane that allows the membrane to increase in surface area
crista matrix
how many cells in a human body?
about 100 trillion cells
what are cell walls made up of
cellulose
where does an animal store water?
central vacuole
cytosol
a liquid of cytoplasm
proteins made in RER and modified in golgi work best….
at acidic pH
what is the ratio of array of microtubles of cilia and flagella
9+2
what is another small feature that mitochondia makes
proteins
how do you kill a bacteria?
kill cell wall
how many centrioles does an animal cell have
2
actin filament
supports the cell shape and involved in cell movements, contract muscles, crawling of white blood cells
how can we see 3D images of living organisms
confocal microscope
which Endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on it
rough er
what falls under prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
what happens on the receiving side of the golgi
receives transport vescles carrying protein and glycoproteins from RER and lipids from SER
fibrous protein contain
collagen
eukaryotic animal cells are made up with type of membrane
plasma membrane - lipid bilayer
eu-karyotic means
true nucleus
what produces atp
mitochondria
semifluid in chloroplast contains
thylakoids, DNA and ribosomes
central vacuole
stores water, food, and waste
what makes the plant green
chlorophyll inside of the chloroplast
contractile vacuole
regulate water balance
nucleus
membrane organelle that contains most of the cells DNA and RNA
what are the types of electron microscopes
scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope
which microscope has the highest resolution
electron microscopes
how do plant cells communicate with each other
plasmodesmata
flagella
tail like structure that allows sperm cells and protist and bacteria to move
what is the hollow area in golgi
lumen
where are contractile vacuole
found in protist
examples of multicellular cells
animals, plants, all other fungi, and some protist
where is chlorophyll located
in the thylakoid in the chlorplast
what is the membrane that encloses the thylakoid
thylakoid membrane
what is the shape of actin filament
globular shaped protein
gap junction
involves the formation of gap between plasma membrane of adjacent cells, allowing ions, amino acids, and sugars to pass through it
does bacteria have a cell wall
yes
chromatin
complex of DNA and protein makes up chromosomes
where are central vacuole found
in plants
endosymbiosis
living together in close association
Bacterial chromosomes
made of DNA and proteins
what are the types of eukaryotic cells
animals, protist, fungi, and plants
nucleoid
region of the cytoplasm where the cells DNA is found
Examples of unicellular
Bacteria and archaeans
What type of DNA does bacteria cells have
Circular double stranded DNA
Bacterial cells don’t have what
Internal membranes
Example of cells that has flagellum
Bacteria and sperm cells
What are the two types of bacteria
Gram positive and gram negative
Gram positive bacteria
Retain grain stain (purple color stain)
Example of gram positive bacteria
Streptococcus
What type of cell wall does gram positive have
A thick peptidoghycan layer
What is peptidogycan layer
It is in gram positive bacteria and it consist of polysaccharides and peptides
What is gram negative bacteria
Lose purple color strain and turn light pink
Gram negative example
E. Coli
What type of cell wall does gram negative bacteria has
Contains lipopolysaccharides and other materials covering a thin peptide sigma glycan layer
What is lipopolysaccharides
Polysaccharides with lipids
Peptidoglycan can be targeted by what that disrupts crossing linking between peptides?
Penicillin
How does penicillin helps kill bacteria
Cell wall weakens and burst, killing the bacterium
What doesn’t penicillin kill
Bacteria that cell wall which lacks peptioglycan
Penicillin kills gram positive or gram negative
Gram positive
How does bacteria move around
Flagellum
ATP is what
A nucleotide
What is MTOC
Microtuble organism center, region of cytoplasm where microtubles that separate chromosomes during cell division grow out from
Plant cells lack what and not all have what
Centrioles and lysosomes
Two functions of nucleolus
1) region where ribosomal RNA (rRNAs) are made
2) ribosomal rRNA combine with protein to form small and large ribosomal subunits
Nucleus contains what type of DNA
Linear DNA
Ribosomes works with what?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) to make protein translation
Each ribosomal subunit is composed of what
rRNA and proteins
White blood cells that produce antibodies are rich in what
RER
Antibodies are what
Proteins
Cells of testes and ovaries that produce testosterone and estrogen are rich in what
SER
Nickname for Golgi apparatus
Post office
Golgi apparatus cis side
Receiving side
Golgi apparatus trans face
Shipping side
In Golgi apparatus glyolipids are made where
In lumenq
What is this secretory paths for lipids and proteins
Er used by transport vehicle to Golgi then to cell membrane by secretory vesicles then to outside the cell
Transport vesicles
Membrane bond pocked dervived from membrane of rough ER and SER
Secretory vesicles
Derived from the membrane of Golgi
What is the name of the process when proteins and lipids are released from the cell
Secretion or exocytosis
Hydrolytic enzyme
Protein made in RER and modified in Golgi. Works best in acidic pH
Tonoplast
Is a membrane that encloses central vacuole
Is mitochondria found in all eukaryotic cells
No, almost all
Mitochondria membrane, describe
2 membranes with phospholipids
What type of DNA does mitochondria have
Circular, double stranded
Do lysosomes have membranes
Yes
Name of photosynthetic bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria that lacks chloroplast but has chlorophyll
What is the endosymbiotic theory
the theory explains origins of mitochondria and chloroplast
Evidence in support of endosymbiotic theory
Both mitochondria and chloroplast surrounded by two membranes
DNA inside both are similar to bacterial DNA in size and shape.
Ribosomes inside mitochondria and chloroplast are similar to bacteria ribosomes
Both replicate binary fission- not mitosis
Dynamic means
Break and reforms
What is so important about actin filaments to us and protist
Allow muscles to contract by interacting with protein myosin and our WBC’s and amoebas to move by crawling
What are considered the “trucks” that move their cargo
Motor proteins
Motor proteins require what
Need ATP
What is considered the highway
Microtubule
Types of motor proteins
Dynein or kinesin
Flagellum has what type of arrangement of microtubles
9+2
Cilia has what type of arrangement of microtubles
9+2
Centrioles has what type of arrangement with microtubles
9+ 0
Basal body have what type of arrangement with microtubles
9+0
Basal body
Region where microtubles inside of flagellum tails grows out
Proteoglycan
Protein with 1 or more long polysaccharide attached to them
Types of fibrous proteins
Collagen and elastin
What are the three junctions between animal cells
Tight, anchoring, and communicating (gap)
What is the most common junction between cells
Gap/communication junction
Allows ions, amino acids and sugars to travel from the cytoplasm of the neighboring cell, made of protein connexon
Communication or gap junction
Does plants have ECM
No
Plants have what? Which is made up of cellulose
Primary and secondary cell walls
What is middle lamella
Holds plant cells together
How are plant cells linked (communication)
With cell membrane, not connexons
