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Biology > Chapter 3: Molecules of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Molecules of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

denaturation

A

protein unfolding

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2
Q

What causes amino acids to be hydrophilic

A

R group is polar

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3
Q

What differs between amino acids and determines chemical properties of amino acids

A

R groups

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4
Q

animal fat is what type of fat?

A

saturated

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5
Q

examples of isomers

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

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6
Q

Amphipathic lipids

A

Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in their structures

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7
Q

What type of Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

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8
Q

What is the difference between dCMP vs. dTMP

A

Cytosine has single carbonyl group and thymine has 2 carbonyl group and 1 methyl group

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9
Q

how does RNA make protein

A

throught translation

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10
Q

What is the strongest bond that make polypeptide fold

A

Disulfide bond (nonpolar covalent)

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11
Q

what is the blueprint of life?

A

DNA

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12
Q

What are 5 different nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

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13
Q

RNA is made up of what?

A

single stranded helix

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14
Q

hydrophobic `

A

nonpolar, don’t like water

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15
Q

cellulose provides?

A

structural support in plants

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16
Q

Example of polypeptide chain

A

Myoglobin

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17
Q

lipids are made up of

A

tryiglycerides, steroids, phospholipids

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18
Q

what is a monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars - building blocks of disaccharide and polysaccharide

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19
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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20
Q

What are the types of purines

A

Adenine and guanine

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21
Q

example of unsaturated fat

A

olive oil

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22
Q

what are DNA and RNA composed of

A

nucleotides

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23
Q

What is unique about proline amino acid

A

Allows polypeptide to bend

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24
Q

DNA is made up of what?

A

double stranded helix

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25
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases for RNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and Uracil

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26
Q

Not all lipids have what in their structures

A

Fatty acids

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27
Q

gene

A

piece of DNA that codes for protein

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28
Q

estrogen and testosterone are

A

sex hormones

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29
Q

Micelles

A

Monolayered structures that form by adding detergents( lipid like molecules) to water

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30
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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31
Q

monosaturated fatty acids

A

have one double bonds

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32
Q

hydrophilic amino acids have….

A

polar r groups - containing oxygen

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33
Q

examples of macromolecules (organic compounds)

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

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34
Q

Name a specific type of chaperons

A

HSP (heat shock proteins)

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35
Q

What polysaccharides can you find in animals

A

Chitin and glycogen

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36
Q

exoskeleton

A

external shell

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37
Q

How many different r groups

A

20

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38
Q

what is a major component of cell membranes and internal membranes

A

phospholipids

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39
Q

Phosphate group contains?

A

-OPO32-

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40
Q

What composes proteins (like what groups)

A

Carbon bonded to R group, N terminus (amino group), C terminus (carboxyl group) and hydrogen

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41
Q

what is two types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

monosaturated and polysaturated fatty acids

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42
Q

choloesterol only found in

A

animals

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43
Q

3 common steroids

A

cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen

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44
Q

dehydration reaction

A

forms a new bond by water being taking away form polymer and monomer

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45
Q

C-C and C-H, are what type of bonds?

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

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46
Q

glycogen stores?

A

energy in animal

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47
Q

Pyrimidines are what

A

Single ringed

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48
Q

What causes amino acids to be negatively charged

A

Amino Acids has r groups that has acetic carboxyl group

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49
Q

What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates

A

C6H12O6 or CH2O

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50
Q

how are single strand of DNA nucleotides held together

A

phosphodiester bonds

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51
Q

methyl group contains?

A

-CH3

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52
Q

What are the four different DNA nucleotides

A

dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP

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53
Q

What is the difference between GMP AND AMP

A

Guanine has carbonyl group and adenine doesn’t

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54
Q

Denatured proteins loses what if they are made up of 1 polypeptide bond

A

Loses tertiary and secondary structure

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55
Q

How are macromolecules produced?

A

dehydration reaction

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56
Q

carbohydrates are made up of?

A

mononsachharides, disaccharide, and polysacchride

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57
Q

Hydrocarbon is hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic (non polar)

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58
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

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59
Q

Estrogen

A

type of steroid that produces female sex hormone by ovaries that promotes development o female sex characteristics such as breast growth

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60
Q

Example of two or more polypeptide chains

A

Hemoglobin (4 chains)

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61
Q

how does DNA makes 2 DNA

A

Through replication

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62
Q

unsaturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature

A

liquid

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63
Q

If a protein is made up of just 1 polypeptide it becomes functional after what and what is one example

A

Reaching tertiary structure, myoglobin

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64
Q

what type of bond is phosphodiester bonds

A

polar covalent

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65
Q

Polypeptide bond

A

bond of amino acids

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66
Q

R group determines what?

A

chemical properties of amino acids

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67
Q

hydrophillic molecules

A

polar molecules and likes water

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68
Q

Primary structure of protein is functional or non functional

A

Non functional

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69
Q

Example of branched starches

A

Amylopectin

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70
Q

HSP proteins

A

Are chaperons produced when cells are exposed to high temperatures and other stresses

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71
Q

Dissociation

A

2 or more polypeptides that make up a protein come apart, loses its quaternary structure only exposing to salts

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72
Q

how do you make lactose?

A

galactose and glucose

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73
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

have 1 or more double bonds between c atoms

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74
Q

Denatured proteins loses what if they are made up of 2 or more polypeptide bonds

A

Loses quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structure

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75
Q

amino group contains?

A

-NH2

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76
Q

What is found in animal cell membranes and not in plants

A

LDL

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77
Q

What is different from dAMP vs. dGMP

A

Guanine has a carbonyl group in its structure and adenine doesn’t

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78
Q

Glyceraldehyde is made up of how many carbons

A

3

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79
Q

how does a single polypetide becomes functional?

A

by reaching its tertiary structure

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80
Q

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleic acids

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81
Q

What is hydrogenation (relating to lipids)

A

Adding hydrogen atoms

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82
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

narrowing and hardening of the blood vessels

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83
Q

What causes amino acids to be non polar

A

R group are non polar

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84
Q

Example of polynucleotide

A

DNA and RNA

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85
Q

Dipeptide

A

Chain of amino acids held by peptide bonds

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86
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

two monoscharrides together

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87
Q

What causes amino acids to be ionizable

A

R groups have a positive or negative charge

88
Q

How does amino group becomes basic

A

By removing H, meaning becoming positively charged (NH3+)

89
Q

unsaturated fats are found in

A

plants and fish

90
Q

In RNA, ribose has what attached to the 2’ carbon

A

-OH

91
Q

How does tertiary structure forms

A

Interactions between R groups of different amino acids

92
Q

organic

A

something that has carbon skeleton or backbone`

93
Q

carbohydrates: hydrophobic or hydrophillic

A

hydrophillic

94
Q

steroids lack

A

fatty acids

95
Q

What are they types of amino acids

A

Special, non polar, polar, and ionizable

96
Q

Ex of amphipathic lipids

A

Phospholipid and steroids

97
Q

Glycosidic link

A

Polar covalent bond between monosaccharides unique to sugars

98
Q

saturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature

A

solid

99
Q

How does carbonyl acts as an acid

A

Becoming negatively charged, going from COOH got COO-

100
Q

What polysaccharides can you find in plants

A

Starches and cellulose

101
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone that are abused by some athletes with serious consequences

102
Q

examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose and lactose

103
Q

DNA is used to make?

A

RNA

104
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks a bond when water is added to polymer

105
Q

All carbohydrates are what type of molecules (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) (polar or non polar)

A

Hydrophilic (polar)

106
Q

what is the starting material for making steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

107
Q

which tertiary structure bond is the strongest?

A

disulfide bond

108
Q

steroids have what type of structure?

A

four fused hydrocarbon rings

109
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

have no double bonds between c atoms

110
Q

Deoxyribose is made up how many carbons

A

5

111
Q

Difference between CMP AND UMP

A

Cytosine lacks carbonyl group and ump has 2 carbonyl groups

112
Q

atherosclerosis may result in

A

heart attack or stroke

113
Q

What is unique about Methionine

A

First AA that is used to make protein

114
Q

Nitrogenase bases: C and G form how many hydrogen bonds

A

3 bonds

115
Q

What structure is unique to DNA

A

5’ and 3’ end

116
Q

tertiary structure

A

overall 3d shape of polypeptide, which results from interaction between r groups of the various amino acids

117
Q

shape of protein determines

A

its specific function

118
Q

Fructose is made up of how many carbons

A

6

119
Q

Polypetide bond is what type of covalent bond

A

polar covalent

120
Q

Secondary structures proteins forms what bonds

A

Hydrogen

121
Q

tertiary structure has what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen, peptide, ionic and disulfide bonds

122
Q

What kind of proteins are functional?

A

Folded

123
Q

Can phosphodiester bonds form hydrogen bonds

A

Yes

124
Q

C terminal

A

Carboxyl group

125
Q

What bonds are unique to DNA and RNA

A

Phosphodiester bonds

126
Q

What stores energy in our bodies

A

Fat and glycogen

127
Q

starch stores what?

A

energy in plants

128
Q

4 different RNA nucleotides are

A

AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP

129
Q

Ribose is made up of how many carbons

A

5

130
Q

What makes amino acids positively charged

A

They are basic and r group has basic amino group NH3

131
Q

What is the structure of micelles

A

1 hydrophilic head and 1 hydrophobic tail

132
Q

trans fat have

A

H atoms present on opposite sides of the double bond

133
Q

Isomers

A

compounds that are composed of the same number and type of atoms,but these atoms are arranged differently in space

134
Q

what are the protein four levels of structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

135
Q

In DNA, the deoxyribose had what attached to the 2’ carbon

A

Hydrogen

136
Q

cis fats have

A

H atoms present on one side of the double bond

137
Q

what are the building block of proteins?k

A

amino acids

138
Q

Nitrogenase bases: A and T forms how many hydrogen bonds

A

2

139
Q

mononmer

A

building block of polymer

140
Q

Secondary structure of proteins have which type of bond

A

Hydrogen and peptide bonds

141
Q

DNA and RNA are made up of what type of sugar?

A

5-C

142
Q

carbonyl group contains?

A

carbon atom double bonded oxygen

143
Q

what are the bad fats?

A

trans and saturated

144
Q

hydroxyl group contains?

A

-OH

145
Q

How do we convert oil to fat

A

Hydrogenation

146
Q

Protein primary stucture

A

string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (doesn’t have hydrogen bonds)

147
Q

What are the bad fats

A

Trans and saturated

148
Q

What are the 5 bonds that make polypeptides fold

A

Hydrogen bond, disulfide bond, ionic bond, van der waals attraction and hydrophobic exclusion

149
Q

cytosine always pairs up with

A

guanine by hydrogen bonding

150
Q

Glycogen is branched or unbranced

A

Highly branched

151
Q

what are some of the consequences of using anabolic steroids

A

violent mood swings, depression, liver damage, cancer, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure

152
Q

example of saturated fat

A

butter

153
Q

If a protein is made up of 2 or more polypeptide it becomes functional after reaching what and name one example

A

Quanternary structure, hemoglobin

154
Q

Example of polar covalent bonds

A

O-H
O=C-N
S-H

155
Q

chitin provides what?

A

structural support in animals and fungi

156
Q

3 examples of nonpolar covalent bonds with carbon

A

C-H
C-C
C-S

157
Q

What ends are unique to proteins

A

N and C termini

158
Q

what sugar makes up DNA

A

Deoxyribose

159
Q

Peptide bond is what type of bond

A

Polar covalent bond unique to protein

160
Q

what can lead to atherosclerosis?

A

high cholesterol levels

161
Q

Steroids are made up of what

A

4 fused Hydrocarbon rings (nonpolar)

162
Q

Another name for sucrose

A

Table sugar

163
Q

starch and cellulose are found in

A

plants

164
Q

Example of unbranched starches

A

Amylose

165
Q

adenine always pairs up with

A

thymine by hydrogen bonding

166
Q

what is the disulfide bond

A

forms between sulfide atoms of adjacent cysteine amino acids

167
Q

Does carbs dissolve in water

A

Yes

168
Q

What type of starches are there

A

Unbranched and branched

169
Q

what proteins are functional

A

only folded proteins

170
Q

how do you form maltose?

A

put to glucose together by dehydration

171
Q

carboxyl group contains?

A

-COOH, carbon double bonded to oxygen and on other side of carbon is another bond to another oxygen

172
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases for DNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

173
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone is found where

A

In DNA and RNA

174
Q

Where is maltose found

A

Gefrminating grains; corn wheat and rice

175
Q

chitin and glycogen are found in

A

animals

176
Q

how does a protein unfold?

A

due to denaturing by exposure to heat, wrong pH, or chemicals

177
Q

how do you make sucrose?

A

put together glucose and fructose

178
Q

single nucleotides include

A

sugar, phophate group and nitrogenous base (adenine)

179
Q

What causes fatty acids (unsaturated) to bend

A

Double bonds

180
Q

trigylcerides stores?

A

energy

181
Q

Two nucleotides form what

A

Dinucleotide

182
Q

undigestive cellulose is called?

A

fiber

183
Q

Many nucleotides form what

A

Polynucleotides

184
Q

Purines are what

A

Double ringed

185
Q

Special amino acids are made up of

A

Proline (pro), Methionine (Met), and Cysteine (Cys)

186
Q

Steroids lack what

A

Fatty acids

187
Q

what sugar makes up RNA

A

ribose

188
Q

how are proteins produced?

A

through dehydration -removal of water

189
Q

polysaturated fatty acids

A

have 2 or more saturated bonds

190
Q

how many different amino acids?

A

20

191
Q

Testosterone

A

type of steroid that produces male sex hormone by testes the promotes development- hair growth and high bone and muscle mass

192
Q

Nucleic acids include

A

DNA, RNA

193
Q

Another name for lactose

A

Milk sugar

194
Q

how many genes does a human have?

A

25,000 genes in DNA

195
Q

if protein is made up of 2 or more polypeptides, it becomes functional how?

A

reaching its quaternary structure

196
Q

How are macromolecules broken apart?

A

hydrolysis

197
Q

hydrophobic amino acids have….

A

nonpolar r groups

198
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen

199
Q

polysaccharides is?

A

many glucose molecules held together

200
Q

What is the structurally between dTMP and UMP

A

dTMP has a deoxynucleotide and the thymine has 2 carbonyl group with a methyl group. UMP has a ribose nucleotide with 2 carbonyl groups but lacks methyl group

201
Q

unsaturated fats are referred as

A

oils

202
Q

Phosphodiester bonds are polar or non polar

A

Polar covalent

203
Q

secondary structure fold how?

A

results from folding or coiling of primary structure (has hydrogen bonds)

204
Q

Unique about cysteine

A

Sulfur forms disulfide bonds of another cysteine

205
Q

Can denaturation be reversed

A

In some cases, upon removing denaturing agent (renaturation)

206
Q

What makes phospholipid head polar or hydrophilic

A

Choline and phosphate group

207
Q

Fats are entirely….

A

Hydrophobic

208
Q

Molecules are broken up into?

A

micromolecules and macromolecules

209
Q

Nitrogenase bases: A and U form how many hydrogen bonds

A

2 bonds

210
Q

what are functional groups?

A

group of atoms in macromolecules which determine how those macromolecules “work”

211
Q

N terminus

A

Amino group

212
Q

what is a simple carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

213
Q

how does DNA make RNA

A

through transcription

214
Q

Aromatic consist of what

A

Benzene ring (6 carbons)

215
Q

Chitin is found where

A

In fungi (animals)

Biology (14 decks)

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