Chapter 3: Molecules of Cells Flashcards
denaturation
protein unfolding
What causes amino acids to be hydrophilic
R group is polar
What differs between amino acids and determines chemical properties of amino acids
R groups
animal fat is what type of fat?
saturated
examples of isomers
glucose, fructose and galactose
Amphipathic lipids
Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in their structures
What type of Pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
What is the difference between dCMP vs. dTMP
Cytosine has single carbonyl group and thymine has 2 carbonyl group and 1 methyl group
how does RNA make protein
throught translation
What is the strongest bond that make polypeptide fold
Disulfide bond (nonpolar covalent)
what is the blueprint of life?
DNA
What are 5 different nitrogenous bases
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
RNA is made up of what?
single stranded helix
hydrophobic `
nonpolar, don’t like water
cellulose provides?
structural support in plants
Example of polypeptide chain
Myoglobin
lipids are made up of
tryiglycerides, steroids, phospholipids
what is a monosaccharides?
simple sugars - building blocks of disaccharide and polysaccharide
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, galactose and fructose
What are the types of purines
Adenine and guanine
example of unsaturated fat
olive oil
what are DNA and RNA composed of
nucleotides
What is unique about proline amino acid
Allows polypeptide to bend
DNA is made up of what?
double stranded helix
what are the nitrogenous bases for RNA
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and Uracil
Not all lipids have what in their structures
Fatty acids
gene
piece of DNA that codes for protein
estrogen and testosterone are
sex hormones
Micelles
Monolayered structures that form by adding detergents( lipid like molecules) to water
what are examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
monosaturated fatty acids
have one double bonds
hydrophilic amino acids have….
polar r groups - containing oxygen
examples of macromolecules (organic compounds)
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Name a specific type of chaperons
HSP (heat shock proteins)
What polysaccharides can you find in animals
Chitin and glycogen
exoskeleton
external shell
How many different r groups
20
what is a major component of cell membranes and internal membranes
phospholipids
Phosphate group contains?
-OPO32-
What composes proteins (like what groups)
Carbon bonded to R group, N terminus (amino group), C terminus (carboxyl group) and hydrogen
what is two types of unsaturated fatty acids?
monosaturated and polysaturated fatty acids
choloesterol only found in
animals
3 common steroids
cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen
dehydration reaction
forms a new bond by water being taking away form polymer and monomer
C-C and C-H, are what type of bonds?
nonpolar covalent bonds
glycogen stores?
energy in animal
Pyrimidines are what
Single ringed
What causes amino acids to be negatively charged
Amino Acids has r groups that has acetic carboxyl group
What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates
C6H12O6 or CH2O
how are single strand of DNA nucleotides held together
phosphodiester bonds
methyl group contains?
-CH3
What are the four different DNA nucleotides
dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP
What is the difference between GMP AND AMP
Guanine has carbonyl group and adenine doesn’t
Denatured proteins loses what if they are made up of 1 polypeptide bond
Loses tertiary and secondary structure
How are macromolecules produced?
dehydration reaction
carbohydrates are made up of?
mononsachharides, disaccharide, and polysacchride
Hydrocarbon is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Hydrophobic (non polar)
what are proteins made of?
amino acids
Estrogen
type of steroid that produces female sex hormone by ovaries that promotes development o female sex characteristics such as breast growth
Example of two or more polypeptide chains
Hemoglobin (4 chains)
how does DNA makes 2 DNA
Through replication
unsaturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature
liquid
If a protein is made up of just 1 polypeptide it becomes functional after what and what is one example
Reaching tertiary structure, myoglobin
what type of bond is phosphodiester bonds
polar covalent
Polypeptide bond
bond of amino acids
R group determines what?
chemical properties of amino acids
hydrophillic molecules
polar molecules and likes water
Primary structure of protein is functional or non functional
Non functional
Example of branched starches
Amylopectin
HSP proteins
Are chaperons produced when cells are exposed to high temperatures and other stresses
Dissociation
2 or more polypeptides that make up a protein come apart, loses its quaternary structure only exposing to salts
how do you make lactose?
galactose and glucose
unsaturated fatty acids
have 1 or more double bonds between c atoms
Denatured proteins loses what if they are made up of 2 or more polypeptide bonds
Loses quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structure
amino group contains?
-NH2
What is found in animal cell membranes and not in plants
LDL
What is different from dAMP vs. dGMP
Guanine has a carbonyl group in its structure and adenine doesn’t
Glyceraldehyde is made up of how many carbons
3
how does a single polypetide becomes functional?
by reaching its tertiary structure
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
nucleic acids
What is hydrogenation (relating to lipids)
Adding hydrogen atoms
what is atherosclerosis?
narrowing and hardening of the blood vessels
What causes amino acids to be non polar
R group are non polar
Example of polynucleotide
DNA and RNA
Dipeptide
Chain of amino acids held by peptide bonds
what is a disaccharide?
two monoscharrides together
What causes amino acids to be ionizable
R groups have a positive or negative charge
How does amino group becomes basic
By removing H, meaning becoming positively charged (NH3+)
unsaturated fats are found in
plants and fish
In RNA, ribose has what attached to the 2’ carbon
-OH
How does tertiary structure forms
Interactions between R groups of different amino acids
organic
something that has carbon skeleton or backbone`
carbohydrates: hydrophobic or hydrophillic
hydrophillic
steroids lack
fatty acids
What are they types of amino acids
Special, non polar, polar, and ionizable
Ex of amphipathic lipids
Phospholipid and steroids
Glycosidic link
Polar covalent bond between monosaccharides unique to sugars
saturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature
solid
How does carbonyl acts as an acid
Becoming negatively charged, going from COOH got COO-
What polysaccharides can you find in plants
Starches and cellulose
what are anabolic steroids
synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone that are abused by some athletes with serious consequences
examples of disaccharides?
sucrose and lactose
DNA is used to make?
RNA
hydrolysis
breaks a bond when water is added to polymer
All carbohydrates are what type of molecules (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) (polar or non polar)
Hydrophilic (polar)
what is the starting material for making steroid hormones?
cholesterol
which tertiary structure bond is the strongest?
disulfide bond
steroids have what type of structure?
four fused hydrocarbon rings
saturated fatty acids
have no double bonds between c atoms
Deoxyribose is made up how many carbons
5
Difference between CMP AND UMP
Cytosine lacks carbonyl group and ump has 2 carbonyl groups
atherosclerosis may result in
heart attack or stroke
What is unique about Methionine
First AA that is used to make protein
Nitrogenase bases: C and G form how many hydrogen bonds
3 bonds
What structure is unique to DNA
5’ and 3’ end
tertiary structure
overall 3d shape of polypeptide, which results from interaction between r groups of the various amino acids
shape of protein determines
its specific function
Fructose is made up of how many carbons
6
Polypetide bond is what type of covalent bond
polar covalent
Secondary structures proteins forms what bonds
Hydrogen
tertiary structure has what type of bonds?
hydrogen, peptide, ionic and disulfide bonds
What kind of proteins are functional?
Folded
Can phosphodiester bonds form hydrogen bonds
Yes
C terminal
Carboxyl group
What bonds are unique to DNA and RNA
Phosphodiester bonds
What stores energy in our bodies
Fat and glycogen
starch stores what?
energy in plants
4 different RNA nucleotides are
AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP
Ribose is made up of how many carbons
5
What makes amino acids positively charged
They are basic and r group has basic amino group NH3
What is the structure of micelles
1 hydrophilic head and 1 hydrophobic tail
trans fat have
H atoms present on opposite sides of the double bond
Isomers
compounds that are composed of the same number and type of atoms,but these atoms are arranged differently in space
what are the protein four levels of structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
In DNA, the deoxyribose had what attached to the 2’ carbon
Hydrogen
cis fats have
H atoms present on one side of the double bond
what are the building block of proteins?k
amino acids
Nitrogenase bases: A and T forms how many hydrogen bonds
2
mononmer
building block of polymer
Secondary structure of proteins have which type of bond
Hydrogen and peptide bonds
DNA and RNA are made up of what type of sugar?
5-C
carbonyl group contains?
carbon atom double bonded oxygen
what are the bad fats?
trans and saturated
hydroxyl group contains?
-OH
How do we convert oil to fat
Hydrogenation
Protein primary stucture
string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (doesn’t have hydrogen bonds)
What are the bad fats
Trans and saturated
What are the 5 bonds that make polypeptides fold
Hydrogen bond, disulfide bond, ionic bond, van der waals attraction and hydrophobic exclusion
cytosine always pairs up with
guanine by hydrogen bonding
Glycogen is branched or unbranced
Highly branched
what are some of the consequences of using anabolic steroids
violent mood swings, depression, liver damage, cancer, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure
example of saturated fat
butter
If a protein is made up of 2 or more polypeptide it becomes functional after reaching what and name one example
Quanternary structure, hemoglobin
Example of polar covalent bonds
O-H
O=C-N
S-H
chitin provides what?
structural support in animals and fungi
3 examples of nonpolar covalent bonds with carbon
C-H
C-C
C-S
What ends are unique to proteins
N and C termini
what sugar makes up DNA
Deoxyribose
Peptide bond is what type of bond
Polar covalent bond unique to protein
what can lead to atherosclerosis?
high cholesterol levels
Steroids are made up of what
4 fused Hydrocarbon rings (nonpolar)
Another name for sucrose
Table sugar
starch and cellulose are found in
plants
Example of unbranched starches
Amylose
adenine always pairs up with
thymine by hydrogen bonding
what is the disulfide bond
forms between sulfide atoms of adjacent cysteine amino acids
Does carbs dissolve in water
Yes
What type of starches are there
Unbranched and branched
what proteins are functional
only folded proteins
how do you form maltose?
put to glucose together by dehydration
carboxyl group contains?
-COOH, carbon double bonded to oxygen and on other side of carbon is another bond to another oxygen
what are the nitrogenous bases for DNA
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
Sugar phosphate backbone is found where
In DNA and RNA
Where is maltose found
Gefrminating grains; corn wheat and rice
chitin and glycogen are found in
animals
how does a protein unfold?
due to denaturing by exposure to heat, wrong pH, or chemicals
how do you make sucrose?
put together glucose and fructose
single nucleotides include
sugar, phophate group and nitrogenous base (adenine)
What causes fatty acids (unsaturated) to bend
Double bonds
trigylcerides stores?
energy
Two nucleotides form what
Dinucleotide
undigestive cellulose is called?
fiber
Many nucleotides form what
Polynucleotides
Purines are what
Double ringed
Special amino acids are made up of
Proline (pro), Methionine (Met), and Cysteine (Cys)
Steroids lack what
Fatty acids
what sugar makes up RNA
ribose
how are proteins produced?
through dehydration -removal of water
polysaturated fatty acids
have 2 or more saturated bonds
how many different amino acids?
20
Testosterone
type of steroid that produces male sex hormone by testes the promotes development- hair growth and high bone and muscle mass
Nucleic acids include
DNA, RNA
Another name for lactose
Milk sugar
how many genes does a human have?
25,000 genes in DNA
if protein is made up of 2 or more polypeptides, it becomes functional how?
reaching its quaternary structure
How are macromolecules broken apart?
hydrolysis
hydrophobic amino acids have….
nonpolar r groups
what are hydrocarbons?
compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen
polysaccharides is?
many glucose molecules held together
What is the structurally between dTMP and UMP
dTMP has a deoxynucleotide and the thymine has 2 carbonyl group with a methyl group. UMP has a ribose nucleotide with 2 carbonyl groups but lacks methyl group
unsaturated fats are referred as
oils
Phosphodiester bonds are polar or non polar
Polar covalent
secondary structure fold how?
results from folding or coiling of primary structure (has hydrogen bonds)
Unique about cysteine
Sulfur forms disulfide bonds of another cysteine
Can denaturation be reversed
In some cases, upon removing denaturing agent (renaturation)
What makes phospholipid head polar or hydrophilic
Choline and phosphate group
Fats are entirely….
Hydrophobic
Molecules are broken up into?
micromolecules and macromolecules
Nitrogenase bases: A and U form how many hydrogen bonds
2 bonds
what are functional groups?
group of atoms in macromolecules which determine how those macromolecules “work”
N terminus
Amino group
what is a simple carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
how does DNA make RNA
through transcription
Aromatic consist of what
Benzene ring (6 carbons)
Chitin is found where
In fungi (animals)
