Chapter 5: The working cell Flashcards
what is the optimal pH for the most enzymes is what
is near pH of 7
what are the ways of active transport
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
exocystosis
also know as secretion, requires energy - active trasport, the exiting of products
all cells carry out what type of endocytosis
pinocytosis
what is the function of cofactors/coenzymes
help enzymes work better
junction proteins
form intercellular junction that attach adjacent cells to each other
list the order from most energy to least
ATP, ADP, AMP
what makes up animal plasma membrane
phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, glcoproteins, other membrane proteins
pepsin works best at what pH
acidic pH, 2
which osmosis solution does plant love
hypotonic solution, it wont burst due to cell wall
competitive inhibitor
competes with substrate for enzymes active site
LDL
low density lipoprotein is a bad cholestrol that contains more cholesterol than proteins. it is brought into the cell my receptor mediated endocytosis
noncompetitive inhibitor
binds to enzymes allosteric site, causing the active site to be altered
active transport moved from ____ concentration to ______ concentration?
lower concentration to higher concentration
what is trypsin
enzymes of small intestine
pinocytosis is also known as
cellular drinking
concentration gradients
molecules move from regions of higher concentrations to lower
when adp turns into ______ by hydrolosis
amp-adenosine monophosphate with inorganic phosphate
aquaporins
water channels - membrane proteins that accelerate water movements across the membrane
food vacuole fuses with what to get contents digested
lysosomes
hypotonic
has much lower solutes than the cell
many enzymes made up of
proteins
what are the different ways of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
enzymes
speed up rxns
example of exergonic reactions
cellular respiration
How does sodium potassium pump open to let ions into the cell
atp
functions of inhibitors
stop enzymes
hypertonic
has much higher solutes than the cell
inorganic cofactors are metal ions, what are they
cu2+,zn2+,and Fe2+
what controls enzymes
temperature, pH, cofactors/coenzymes, inhibitors
isotonic
has the same solutes as the cell
potassium concentration is greater on the inside or outside of the cell
inside
many enzymes names end in
-ase
how is photosynthesis an endergonic reaction
co2 needs sunlight to produce glucose. the sunlight is needed - the input of energy
endergonic reactions
require input of energy to proceed, products have more energy than reactants
phagocytosis is also known as
cellular eating
how to large molecules leave the cell
exocytosis
what controls osmosis
hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic
organisms can’t survive without
atp
simple diffusion
allows molecules to cross the membrane without the aid of transport proteins
what is lysosomic enzyme
enzyme of lysosomes
what can be reused in chemical reactions
enzymes
how do nonphotosynthetic organism get the energy needed to perform their daily work
uses only atp
how does active transport work
solute binds to transport protein, atp provides energy for change in protein shape and release substrate, proteins returns to original shape and more solute can bind
transport proteins
allow specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell
which osmosis solution does animals hate
hypotonic due to it possibly bursting
active transport
movement of molecules up (or against) their concentration gradients with the help energy
what components are in plants plasma membrane
phospholipds, glycolipids, glycoprotein
exergonic reactions
release energy, reactants have more energy than products
what comes into the sodium potassium pump
potassium into the cell, against concentration gradients
most enzymes work at what temperatures
35-40 degrees Celsius
how to photosynthetic organisms get the energy needed to perform their daily work
uses atp and solar energy
each enzyme has its own
substrate
sodium concentration is greater on the inside or outside of the cell?
outside
what protein doesn’t extend through membrane
peripheral membrane protein
phagocytosis
allows cells to engulf bacteria and macromolecules
when the coated vesicle is fused with they lysosome what is LDL broken down into
a free cholesterol
atp turns into ____ by hydrolosis
adp - adenosine diphosphate with inorganic phospate
many enzymes are named after their
substrates
how can you overcome a competitive inhibitor
by adding more substrate
example of endergonic reactions
photosynthesis
do all cells carry out exocytosis
yes
what happens in cellular respiration
energy conversion in a cell, heat is released
how is cellular respiration an exergonic reaction
glucose turns into co2 and releases energy (atp)
passive transport
movement of molecules down their concentration gradients; no energy is needed
atp is an example of
chemical energy
lysosomic enzyme works best in what pH
5
receptor mediated endocytosis
requires receptors to bring specific molecules (ligands) into the cell
what cells only carries out phagocytosis
white blood cells to engulf bacteria
what is endocytosis
how large molecules enter the cell-requires energy (active transport)
what are the fuel (reactants) of atp
glucose and oxygen
organic cofactors are nonprotein molecules (coenzymes)
vitamins and motified nucleotides and NAD, FAD
is energy needed in simple diffusion
no
atp stands for
adenosine triphosphate
what protein expands through the membrane
transmembrane protein
osmosis
diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
which osmosis solution is bad for plants?
hypertonic solution because it causes cell to be shriveled, losing water
facilitated diffusion
allow molecules to cross membrane with help of transport proteins
enzymes lowers what to start a chemical reaction
activation energy
waste products what are produced in atp
carbon dioxide and water
what is pepsin
enzyme in the stomach
what are ways of enzyme inhibition
competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor
some enzymes are what type of molecules
RNA (ribozymes)
pinocytosis
allows cells to take in solutes dissolved in droplets of fluid
how do molecules move across the cell membrane
passive transport
how do large molecules enter a cell
endocytosis
what pH does trypsin works best at
basic, 8
what comes out of the sodium potassium pump
sodium
feedback inhibition
the product may act as a inhibitor of one of the enzymes in the pathway that produced it
