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Biology > Chapter 5: The working cell > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The working cell Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the optimal pH for the most enzymes is what

A

is near pH of 7

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2
Q

what are the ways of active transport

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

exocystosis

A

also know as secretion, requires energy - active trasport, the exiting of products

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4
Q

all cells carry out what type of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis

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5
Q

what is the function of cofactors/coenzymes

A

help enzymes work better

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6
Q

junction proteins

A

form intercellular junction that attach adjacent cells to each other

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7
Q

list the order from most energy to least

A

ATP, ADP, AMP

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8
Q

what makes up animal plasma membrane

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, glcoproteins, other membrane proteins

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9
Q

pepsin works best at what pH

A

acidic pH, 2

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10
Q

which osmosis solution does plant love

A

hypotonic solution, it wont burst due to cell wall

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11
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

competes with substrate for enzymes active site

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12
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein is a bad cholestrol that contains more cholesterol than proteins. it is brought into the cell my receptor mediated endocytosis

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13
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to enzymes allosteric site, causing the active site to be altered

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14
Q

active transport moved from ____ concentration to ______ concentration?

A

lower concentration to higher concentration

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15
Q

what is trypsin

A

enzymes of small intestine

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16
Q

pinocytosis is also known as

A

cellular drinking

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17
Q

concentration gradients

A

molecules move from regions of higher concentrations to lower

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18
Q

when adp turns into ______ by hydrolosis

A

amp-adenosine monophosphate with inorganic phosphate

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19
Q

aquaporins

A

water channels - membrane proteins that accelerate water movements across the membrane

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20
Q

food vacuole fuses with what to get contents digested

A

lysosomes

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21
Q

hypotonic

A

has much lower solutes than the cell

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22
Q

many enzymes made up of

A

proteins

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23
Q

what are the different ways of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

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24
Q

enzymes

A

speed up rxns

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25
Q

example of exergonic reactions

A

cellular respiration

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26
Q

How does sodium potassium pump open to let ions into the cell

A

atp

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27
Q

functions of inhibitors

A

stop enzymes

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28
Q

hypertonic

A

has much higher solutes than the cell

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29
Q

inorganic cofactors are metal ions, what are they

A

cu2+,zn2+,and Fe2+

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30
Q

what controls enzymes

A

temperature, pH, cofactors/coenzymes, inhibitors

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31
Q

isotonic

A

has the same solutes as the cell

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32
Q

potassium concentration is greater on the inside or outside of the cell

A

inside

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33
Q

many enzymes names end in

A

-ase

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34
Q

how is photosynthesis an endergonic reaction

A

co2 needs sunlight to produce glucose. the sunlight is needed - the input of energy

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35
Q

endergonic reactions

A

require input of energy to proceed, products have more energy than reactants

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36
Q

phagocytosis is also known as

A

cellular eating

37
Q

how to large molecules leave the cell

A

exocytosis

38
Q

what controls osmosis

A

hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic

39
Q

organisms can’t survive without

A

atp

40
Q

simple diffusion

A

allows molecules to cross the membrane without the aid of transport proteins

41
Q

what is lysosomic enzyme

A

enzyme of lysosomes

42
Q

what can be reused in chemical reactions

A

enzymes

43
Q

how do nonphotosynthetic organism get the energy needed to perform their daily work

A

uses only atp

44
Q

how does active transport work

A

solute binds to transport protein, atp provides energy for change in protein shape and release substrate, proteins returns to original shape and more solute can bind

45
Q

transport proteins

A

allow specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell

46
Q

which osmosis solution does animals hate

A

hypotonic due to it possibly bursting

47
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules up (or against) their concentration gradients with the help energy

48
Q

what components are in plants plasma membrane

A

phospholipds, glycolipids, glycoprotein

49
Q

exergonic reactions

A

release energy, reactants have more energy than products

50
Q

what comes into the sodium potassium pump

A

potassium into the cell, against concentration gradients

51
Q

most enzymes work at what temperatures

A

35-40 degrees Celsius

52
Q

how to photosynthetic organisms get the energy needed to perform their daily work

A

uses atp and solar energy

53
Q

each enzyme has its own

A

substrate

54
Q

sodium concentration is greater on the inside or outside of the cell?

A

outside

55
Q

what protein doesn’t extend through membrane

A

peripheral membrane protein

56
Q

phagocytosis

A

allows cells to engulf bacteria and macromolecules

57
Q

when the coated vesicle is fused with they lysosome what is LDL broken down into

A

a free cholesterol

58
Q

atp turns into ____ by hydrolosis

A

adp - adenosine diphosphate with inorganic phospate

59
Q

many enzymes are named after their

A

substrates

60
Q

how can you overcome a competitive inhibitor

A

by adding more substrate

61
Q

example of endergonic reactions

A

photosynthesis

62
Q

do all cells carry out exocytosis

A

yes

63
Q

what happens in cellular respiration

A

energy conversion in a cell, heat is released

64
Q

how is cellular respiration an exergonic reaction

A

glucose turns into co2 and releases energy (atp)

65
Q

passive transport

A

movement of molecules down their concentration gradients; no energy is needed

66
Q

atp is an example of

A

chemical energy

67
Q

lysosomic enzyme works best in what pH

A

5

68
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

requires receptors to bring specific molecules (ligands) into the cell

69
Q

what cells only carries out phagocytosis

A

white blood cells to engulf bacteria

70
Q

what is endocytosis

A

how large molecules enter the cell-requires energy (active transport)

71
Q

what are the fuel (reactants) of atp

A

glucose and oxygen

72
Q

organic cofactors are nonprotein molecules (coenzymes)

A

vitamins and motified nucleotides and NAD, FAD

73
Q

is energy needed in simple diffusion

A

no

74
Q

atp stands for

A

adenosine triphosphate

75
Q

what protein expands through the membrane

A

transmembrane protein

76
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

77
Q

which osmosis solution is bad for plants?

A

hypertonic solution because it causes cell to be shriveled, losing water

78
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

allow molecules to cross membrane with help of transport proteins

79
Q

enzymes lowers what to start a chemical reaction

A

activation energy

80
Q

waste products what are produced in atp

A

carbon dioxide and water

81
Q

what is pepsin

A

enzyme in the stomach

82
Q

what are ways of enzyme inhibition

A

competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor

83
Q

some enzymes are what type of molecules

A

RNA (ribozymes)

84
Q

pinocytosis

A

allows cells to take in solutes dissolved in droplets of fluid

85
Q

how do molecules move across the cell membrane

A

passive transport

86
Q

how do large molecules enter a cell

A

endocytosis

87
Q

what pH does trypsin works best at

A

basic, 8

88
Q

what comes out of the sodium potassium pump

A

sodium

89
Q

feedback inhibition

A

the product may act as a inhibitor of one of the enzymes in the pathway that produced it

Biology (14 decks)

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