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Biology > Chapter 12: DNA Technology And Genonics > Flashcards

Chapter 12: DNA Technology And Genonics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If you want to do research on DNA, you need to know what?

A

How to cut DNA

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2
Q

Every restriction enzyme recognizes one specific what?

A

Nucleotide sequence (restriction site)

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3
Q

What is restriction site

A

Specific nucleotide sequence

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4
Q

A restriction enzyme always cuts DNA sequences where

A

Restriction site in identical manner

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5
Q

A piece of DNA from another source (gene of interest) is cut by what?

A

The same restriction enzyme that cut the other DNA

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6
Q

What is the sticky end

A

Single stranded overhanging head

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7
Q

DNA fragments from the two sources stick together by

A

Hydrogen bonding of base pairs

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8
Q

The enzyme DNA ligament creates what type of bonds that joins the backbones of DNA strands

A

New covalent bonds -phosphodiester bonds

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9
Q

Sticky ends of bacterial DNA can bind to the sticky ends of DNA as long as what

A

Both bacteria and humans DNA were cute with the same restriction enzyme

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10
Q

Recombinant DNA is made up of

A

Deoxyrinucleotides….

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11
Q

What can you do with the DNA you cut up

A

Make a few copies

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12
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Circular double stranded DNA that replicates separately from the bacteria chromosome

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13
Q

What is recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been formed artificial by combining constituents from different organism

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14
Q

Gene v

A

Gene of interest, encodes valuable protein v

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15
Q

When the recombinant plasmid is taken up by a bacterium through

A

Transformation

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16
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

Have genes from other organism

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17
Q

Gene v can be translated or transcribed by bacteria….

A

To produce many copies or protein v

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18
Q

Ti plasmid…

A

Tumor inducing

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19
Q

Gene therapy

A

The altercation of diseased individuals genes for therapeutic purposes

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20
Q

Gene therapy involves insertion of healthy of gene into what

A

Cell’s chromosome containing abnormal gene using retroviruses

21
Q

Using DNA technology to find a criminal, agerose gel is used to

A

Visualize DNA

22
Q

Steps to find a criminal using DNA technology

A

1) DNA is isolated
2) DNA of selected markers is amplified to make many copies
3) the amplified DNA is compared

23
Q

What are primers

A

Short, single stranded DNA sequences that tell DNA polymerase what to copy

24
Q

What are the steps of PCR cycle

A

Denature got, annealing, and DNA synthesis

25
Q

How can different samples of DNA be compared

A

Gel electrophoresis

26
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A

Uses gel and electricity to separate molecules by side length (DNA, RNA, and proteins)

27
Q

What are the characteristics of smaller and larger DNA fragments in agarose gel

A

Shorter/small dna run faster through gel faster than longer/larger ones

28
Q

STR mean

A

Short term repeats

29
Q

What are STRs

A

Are small sequences of nucleotides repeated in tandem (next to each other) whose number differ between two different individuals

30
Q

STRs are identified with the help of what

A

Sequence specific primers amplified by PCR and detected with the help of gel electrophoresis

31
Q

Where are STRs found

A

Between our genes but don’t encode protein

32
Q

Do STRs encode protein

A

No

33
Q

What are used in DNA fingerprinting

A

STRs

34
Q

RFLP

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

35
Q

Restriction fragment

A

Small fragment of DNA produced by cutting longer DNA with the help of a restriction enzyme

36
Q

Uses for RFLP

A

A way to compare different samples of DNA and genome mapping

37
Q

Genome includes

A

Genes (coding DNA) and non coding DNA

38
Q

How many genes do humans approx. have

A

25,000 genes

39
Q

Our genome is smaller than

A

Plants

40
Q

Majority of our DNA is what

A

Is non coding DNA, junk dna

41
Q

What are jumping genes

A

Move from one location to another within a chromosome or between chromosomes

42
Q

What are transposable elements

A

Jumping genes

43
Q

How can we study the dna that is expressed

A

Reverse transcriptase

44
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Produces dna strand from mRNA

45
Q

What is complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

DNA polymerase produces the second dna strand and the DNA that results from such procedure

46
Q

cDNA has no what

A

No introns

47
Q

What is genomic DNA

A

Contains exons and introns

48
Q

What are the non coding DNA sequences

A

STRs, telomeres, transposable elements, and centromeres

Biology (14 decks)

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