Chapter 12: DNA Technology And Genonics Flashcards
If you want to do research on DNA, you need to know what?
How to cut DNA
Every restriction enzyme recognizes one specific what?
Nucleotide sequence (restriction site)
What is restriction site
Specific nucleotide sequence
A restriction enzyme always cuts DNA sequences where
Restriction site in identical manner
A piece of DNA from another source (gene of interest) is cut by what?
The same restriction enzyme that cut the other DNA
What is the sticky end
Single stranded overhanging head
DNA fragments from the two sources stick together by
Hydrogen bonding of base pairs
The enzyme DNA ligament creates what type of bonds that joins the backbones of DNA strands
New covalent bonds -phosphodiester bonds
Sticky ends of bacterial DNA can bind to the sticky ends of DNA as long as what
Both bacteria and humans DNA were cute with the same restriction enzyme
Recombinant DNA is made up of
Deoxyrinucleotides….
What can you do with the DNA you cut up
Make a few copies
What is a plasmid
Circular double stranded DNA that replicates separately from the bacteria chromosome
What is recombinant DNA
DNA that has been formed artificial by combining constituents from different organism
Gene v
Gene of interest, encodes valuable protein v
When the recombinant plasmid is taken up by a bacterium through
Transformation
Transgenic organisms
Have genes from other organism
Gene v can be translated or transcribed by bacteria….
To produce many copies or protein v
Ti plasmid…
Tumor inducing
Gene therapy
The altercation of diseased individuals genes for therapeutic purposes
Gene therapy involves insertion of healthy of gene into what
Cell’s chromosome containing abnormal gene using retroviruses
Using DNA technology to find a criminal, agerose gel is used to
Visualize DNA
Steps to find a criminal using DNA technology
1) DNA is isolated
2) DNA of selected markers is amplified to make many copies
3) the amplified DNA is compared
What are primers
Short, single stranded DNA sequences that tell DNA polymerase what to copy
What are the steps of PCR cycle
Denature got, annealing, and DNA synthesis
How can different samples of DNA be compared
Gel electrophoresis
What is gel electrophoresis
Uses gel and electricity to separate molecules by side length (DNA, RNA, and proteins)
What are the characteristics of smaller and larger DNA fragments in agarose gel
Shorter/small dna run faster through gel faster than longer/larger ones
STR mean
Short term repeats
What are STRs
Are small sequences of nucleotides repeated in tandem (next to each other) whose number differ between two different individuals
STRs are identified with the help of what
Sequence specific primers amplified by PCR and detected with the help of gel electrophoresis
Where are STRs found
Between our genes but don’t encode protein
Do STRs encode protein
No
What are used in DNA fingerprinting
STRs
RFLP
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Restriction fragment
Small fragment of DNA produced by cutting longer DNA with the help of a restriction enzyme
Uses for RFLP
A way to compare different samples of DNA and genome mapping
Genome includes
Genes (coding DNA) and non coding DNA
How many genes do humans approx. have
25,000 genes
Our genome is smaller than
Plants
Majority of our DNA is what
Is non coding DNA, junk dna
What are jumping genes
Move from one location to another within a chromosome or between chromosomes
What are transposable elements
Jumping genes
How can we study the dna that is expressed
Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase
Produces dna strand from mRNA
What is complementary DNA (cDNA)
DNA polymerase produces the second dna strand and the DNA that results from such procedure
cDNA has no what
No introns
What is genomic DNA
Contains exons and introns
What are the non coding DNA sequences
STRs, telomeres, transposable elements, and centromeres
