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Biology > Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis Of Reproduction And Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis Of Reproduction And Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction without sex

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2
Q

What happens during asexual reproduction

A

Parent cells divides only once to produce genetically identical daughter cells or offspring

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3
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

A

Reproduce by asexually by binary fission

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4
Q

What prokaryotes reproduce by asexually/binary fission?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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5
Q

What is binary fission

A

Dividing into half

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6
Q

What is the process or three steps of asexual reproduction

A

1) duplication of chromosomes
2) continue elongation of the cell and movement of copies
3) division into two daughter cells

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7
Q

What are daughter cells

A

Are genetically identically to each other and parent cell

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8
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce

A

By completing the cell cycle (mitosis)

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9
Q

The cell cycle includes

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

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10
Q

What is included in the interphase

A

G1,S, G2 phase

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11
Q

What is happening in interphase

A

Preparation of cells division

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12
Q

Most cells spend time in what phase

A

Interphase

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13
Q

What is happening in g0 phase

A

That is the resting phase

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14
Q

What cells stays in the g0 phase

A

Skeletal muscle and nerve cells

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15
Q

What is happening in g1 phase

A

Cells grows but doesn’t divide

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16
Q

S phase stands for?

A

Synthesis

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17
Q

What is happening in s phase

A

Cells duplicate its dna and chromosomes, duplication of Centrosomes begins

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18
Q

What is the first gap

A

G1

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19
Q

What does dna synthesis occur

A

S phase

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20
Q

What is the second gap

A

G2 phase

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21
Q

What is happening in G2 phase

A

Cells grows and compares for division and centrosome duplication ends

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22
Q

What is the m phase

A

Mitotic phase

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23
Q

What are the phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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24
Q

What is happening in cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm is dividing

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25
Q

What are somatic cells

A

All cells in our body except egg and sperm cells

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26
Q

Somatic cells are produced how

A

Asexually by mitosis

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27
Q

What allows us to grow and replace damaged/worn out somatic cells

A

Mitosis

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28
Q

What are gametes

A

Egg and sperm cells

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29
Q

What are other names for gametes

A

Sex cells or germ cells

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30
Q

How are gametes produced

A

By meiosis

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31
Q

Chromosomes are made up of what material

A

Chromatin

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32
Q

What is chromatin made up of

A

DNA and proteins

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33
Q

Each human has _____ chromosomes in somatic cells

A

46

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34
Q

Chromosome duplication occurs in what phase

A

S phase

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35
Q

Sister chromotids are produced in what phase

A

S phase

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36
Q

In s phase, 46 chromosomes turns into how many chromosomes and chromotids

A

46 chromosomes and 92 chromotids

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37
Q

What doesn’t change in the s phase? what does then?

A

of chromosomes, the appearance of chromosomes

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38
Q

What is the centromere

A

Constricted region that hold two sister chromatids together

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39
Q

In mitosis, that parent and daughter cells have _____ amount of chromosomes

A

Same

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40
Q

In G2 phase the cells has what inside the cell

A

Centrosomes

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41
Q

What are Centrosomes

A

Regions where micro tubes grow from

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42
Q

Each centrosome contains what

A

2 centrioles

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43
Q

What are centrioles made up of

A

Microtubles

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44
Q

Centrioles are only in…

A

Animal cells

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45
Q

In G2 phase, describe the nuclear envelope

A

It is still intact

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46
Q

In G2 phase, describe chromosomes

A

Each chromosomes consist of 2 identical sister chromatids

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47
Q

What are sister chromatids are held together at?

A

Centromere

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48
Q

In G2 phase, describe chromatin and chromosomes

A

They are loosely packed (decondensed)

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49
Q

Why are chromosomes loosely packed in G2 phase?

A

Due to chromatin being loosely packed

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50
Q

What is the first phase of mitosis

A

Prophase

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51
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope in prophase

A

It is still present

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52
Q

Describe chromosomes in prophase

A

They are tightly packed (condensed) with their sister chromatids

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53
Q

Are centrosomes present in prophase

A

Yes

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54
Q

What forms in prophase

A

Mitotic spindle beings to form

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55
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Made up of spindle microtubules that guide the separation of chromosomes

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56
Q

What is the second phase of mitosis

A

Prometaphase

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57
Q

What happens to centrosomes in prometaphase

A

They are moved to the opposite poles of the cell

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58
Q

Describe chromosomes in prometaphase

A

They are still tightly packed

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59
Q

Describe nuclear membrane in prometaphase

A

It breaks apart and allows spindle to bind to chromosomes

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60
Q

Some spindle microtubles bind to ________

A

Kinetochores

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61
Q

What are kinetochores

A

Proteins

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62
Q

Where are kinetochores located

A

In the middle of sister chromatids

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63
Q

What is the third phase of mitosis

A

Metaphase

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64
Q

Describe centrosomes in metaphase

A

They are still present

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65
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Mitotic spindle brings all chromosomes to the middle of the cell

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66
Q

Chromosomes align where in metaphase

A

On the metaphase plate, in the middle of the cell

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67
Q

What is happening with kinetochores during mitosis

A

They are facing the opposite poles of the spindle

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68
Q

What is the fourth phase of mitosis

A

Anaphase

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69
Q

Are centrosomes still present in anaphase

A

Yes

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70
Q

Describe what happens to sister chromatids in anaphase

A

They separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell

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71
Q

What are daughter chromosomes

A

The separation of sister chromatids from each other

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72
Q

Describe what happens with spindle microtubles in anaphase

A

The spindle attaches to kinetochores and the spindle gets shorter

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73
Q

What is the last phase of mitosis

A

Telephase

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74
Q

How many phases in mitosis

A

5

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75
Q

are centrosome still present in telophase

A

Yes

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76
Q

Describe what happens to nuclear envelope in telephase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes

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77
Q

What happens to chromosomes in telephase

A

Chromosomes uncoil (decondense)

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78
Q

What happens to mitotic spindle in telephase

A

Disassembles

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79
Q

What happens after telephase

A

Cytokinesis occurs

80
Q

In telephase what’s is causing the cell to try to become into 2 (from the inside of the cell)

A

The contracting ring

81
Q

How does the cell divide from the outside

A

Cleavage furrow

82
Q

What is the cleavage furrow

A

Is a contracting ring formed during animal cytokinesis

83
Q

Cleavage furrow only occurs in ….

A

Animals (not plants)

84
Q

Contracting ring is made up of

A

Actin filaments

85
Q

When are two daughter cells fully separated

A

In cytokinesis

86
Q

Daughter cell

A

Are genetically identical to each other and to parent cell

87
Q

How do plants divide their cytoplasm

A

With cell wall

88
Q

How do plants divide their cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

89
Q

Cell plate

A

New cell wall that forms in the middle of the diving plant cell

90
Q

What stimulates a cell to undergo mitosis

A

Growth factors

91
Q

What are growth factors

A

Proteins that stimulate some cells to divides and some cells to grow

92
Q

What are mitogens

A

Proteins that stimulate some cells to divide

93
Q

What are the three ways to either start or stop mitosis

A

Growth factors, anchorage dependence of growth, and density dependent inhibition

94
Q

What is anchorage dependence

A

Cell must be in contact with a solid surface to divide

95
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

Cells that are touched on all sides stop dividing

96
Q

What are checkpoints

A

Point in the cell cycle where the cell stops to make sure that everything is okay before moving forward

97
Q

How many checkpoints are there in mitosis

98
Q

What are the names of the checkpoint

A

G1 checkpoint or r point, g2 checkpoint, m checkpoint

99
Q

Where is the g1 or r point found

A

At the end of g1 phase

100
Q

What is the purpose of g1 or r point checkpoint

A

To make sure cells is going and DNA is not damaged

101
Q

G2 check point if found where?

A

Found at the end of g2 phase

102
Q

What is the purpose of g2 checkpoint

A

Makes sure that the cell has duplicated its DNA and chromosomes

103
Q

Where is the m checkpoint found

A

Found during mitosis of m phase

104
Q

What is the purpose of m checkpoint

A

Makes sure that all chromosomes are aligned on metaphase plate

105
Q

What happens if cells ignore the checkpoints

A

Tumors are created

106
Q

What is a tumor

A

A mass of abnormally dividing cells, exhibiting uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)

107
Q

Benign tumor

A

Tumor divides but doesn’t spread, non-cancerous

108
Q

What are benign tumor

A

Non-cancerous

109
Q

What is unique to benign tumors

A

Tumors are well defined, smooth edges

110
Q

What are malignant tumors

A

Cancerous tumors invades surrounding tissues

111
Q

What are unique to malignant tumors

A

Edges are no longer defined

112
Q

Metastasis

A

Tumor uses blood and lymphatic vessels to invade other body parts. The tumor can travel to other body parts

113
Q

What is a haploid

A

One set of chromosomes

114
Q

How many chromosomes in a haploid cell

115
Q

What’s an example of haploid cell

A

Egg and sperm

116
Q

What is the union of egg and sperm

A

Fertilization

117
Q

What is a diploid zygote

A

A fertilized egg

118
Q

How many chromosomes in a diploid cell

119
Q

What cells only have germ line

A

Ovary and testis

120
Q

Sexual reproduction involves what?

A

The exchange of genetic material such as DNA between gametes of 2 different types

121
Q

What are the different types of gametes?

A

Egg and sperm

122
Q

Mitosis produces

A

Body cells

123
Q

Meiosis produces

124
Q

Each gamete has _____ of chromosomes of parents cells

125
Q

Meiosis

A

When parent goes through 2 rounds of cell division to produce 4 daughter cells, which are genetically different from each other and parent cell

126
Q

Meiosis produces how many gametes

127
Q

Meiosis goes through how many rounds of division

128
Q

Mitosis produces how many daughter cells

129
Q

How many rounds of division does mitosis goes through

130
Q

Both meiosis I and II include what phases

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

131
Q

How many steps are in meiosis

132
Q

What occurs before meiosis

A

Interphase

133
Q

Meiosis I:

In prophase I what happens to the nuclear envelope

A

It breaks apart and mitotic spindle being to form

134
Q

Meiosis I:

In prophase I, if there are 8 chromosomes, how many chromatids are there

135
Q

Meiosis I:

In prophase I, what happens to chromosomes

A

They condense and form tetrads

136
Q

What is synapsis

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up

137
Q

Meiosis I:

In prophase I, each tetras consist how many chromatids and chromosomes

A

4 chromatids and 2 chromosomes

138
Q

Where does crossing over occur

A

Prophase I, meiosis

139
Q

In terms of chromosomes, where does crossing over occur

A

Homologous chromosomes

140
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

The same size, and have the same genes and loci (positions of genes on the chromosome), but not necessarily the same version of the genes

141
Q

How are sister chromatids unique

A

They are identical

142
Q

What can have same genes but different arrangement that can makes us have different features

A

Homologous chromosomes,

143
Q

What is crossing over

A

Involves the exchange of DNA between non-identical(homologous) chromatids of homologous chromosomes

144
Q

Crossing over occurs in what type of chromatids

A

Non identical sister chromatids

145
Q

How does crossing over contribute to species diversity

A

Crossing over is one of the reasons we don’t look identical to our parents

146
Q

Recombinant chromosome

A

New chromosome and is produced because of crossing over between gene I and gene II

147
Q

What happens in metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs meet in the middle

148
Q

Independent assortment happens in what phase

A

Metaphase 1 of meiosis

149
Q

What is independent assortment

A

Random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes of the metaphase plate

150
Q

What are the process that makes sure we don’t look identical to our parents

A

Crossing over and independent assortment or chromosomes

151
Q

Meiosis I:

In metaphase I, what aligns on the metaphase plate

A

Tetrads, pairs of homologous chromosomes

152
Q

Meiosis I:

In metaphase I, spindle microtubles attach to what

A

Kinetochore

153
Q

Meiosis I:

In anaphase I, what happens to sister chromatids

A

They are no longer identical due do crossing over.

154
Q

Is there an interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II

155
Q

What is different about interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II

A

Allows cell growth and centrosome duplication but no chromosomes are being duplicated

156
Q

What is different between meiosis I and meiosis II

A

of chromosomes is reduced in half in meiosis II

157
Q

What mistakes can occur in meiosis

A

Nondisjunction and aneuploid

158
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during anaphase I or anaphase II

159
Q

Aneuploid

A

Gametes have one less or one extra chromosomes

160
Q

What are the different types of aneuploid

A

Monosomy and trisomy

161
Q

Monosomy

A

One chromosomes is absent

162
Q

Trisomy

A

Extra chromosome is present

163
Q

Monosomy humans have how many chromosomes

A

45 chromosomes

164
Q

Trisomic humans has how many chromosomes

A

47 chromosomes

165
Q

What is the way we can find out if there is a mistake during meiosis

A

By getting a karyotype

166
Q

What is a karyotype

A

Picture of all chromosomes in a single cell

167
Q

Each human somatic cell is ______ (what kind of cell)…where does the chromosomes come from

A

Diploid, 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. 23 from maternal and 23 from paternal

168
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Non sex chromosomes, don’t determine sex of organism

169
Q

What are chromosomes 1-22

170
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

The 23rd pair

171
Q

What is important about the 23rd pair of chromosomes

A

Differs between female and male

172
Q

What determines a human female

173
Q

What determines human male

174
Q

Human female 23rd pair homologous or non-homologous

A

Homologous

175
Q

Human male 23rd pair homologous or non-homologous

A

Non-homologous

176
Q

Karyotype analysis is good for what

A

1) determine gender
2) normal or abnormal # of chromosomes
3) length or size of chromosomes

177
Q

If sperm only gave y, what would happen

A

There would be no daughters

178
Q

What causes Down syndrome

A

Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 is the cause of Down syndrome

179
Q

What is another name of Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

180
Q

How many total chromosomes does a person with Down syndrome has

A

47 chromosomes, 3 copies @ #21

181
Q

What is an example of autosomal abnormalities

A

Down syndrome

182
Q

Autosomal abnormalities

A

Are abnormalities associated chromosome pair 1-22

183
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Trisomy, 47 chromosomes, abnormality within sex chromosome. XXY extra X chromosome

184
Q

Is this abnormal XYY? What would happen

A

Yes, nothing (normal male)

185
Q

Is this normal XXX? What would happen

A

No, nothing

186
Q

Turner syndrome

A

X0, missing chromosome, always in girl cells. Ex of monsomy and has 45 chromosomes due to lack of X chromosomes

187
Q

What abnormal sex chromosomes disease can’t have babies? They are sterile

A

Klinefelter and Turner syndrome

188
Q

What is deletion

A

Part of the chromosome is deleted, making it shorter

189
Q

What is duplication ? (That can affect an individual)

A

Part of the chromosome is duplicated, making it longer

190
Q

Inversion

A

Segment of chromosome is broken in two places, reversed and put back together

191
Q

Reciprocal translation

A

Nonhomologous chromosomes exchange region with each other creating two new chromosomes

192
Q

What is the most common leukemia

A

CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia

193
Q

What is leukemia

194
Q

CML affects what

A

Affects cells that give rise to white blood cells, leukocytes

195
Q

How is CML formed

A

From a reciprocal translation in which part of chromosome 22 switches places with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9

196
Q

CML, describe chromosome

A

Very short chromosome 22 also know as Philadelphia chromosome…attached to it is the activated cancer

Biology (14 decks)

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