Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Flashcards
what stage can happen in cellular respiration with the presence or absence of o2
glycolysis
overall, glycolysis produces how many atp by substrate level phosporylation (and how is it this number)
2 atp….2 are being used and 4 atp is being produced
what does glycolysis mean
sugar break
who do macromolecules (such as fats) contribute to cellular respiration?
glycerol is uses for G3P in glycolysis, fatty acids are used for acetyl CoA in pyruvate oxidation
For each acetyl coA entering kreb cycle what is released
2 molecules of CO2
how do we get 1 FADH for entering kreb cycle
1 from stage 3
why is the first phase of glycolysis endergonic
2 atp is needed
what reactants does energy investment phase use
glucose and 2 atp
what is oxidized in lactic acid fermentation
2 NADH to 2 NAD+
what kind of reaction is glycolysis
exergonic reaction
what is being oxidized in cellular respiration and how?
glucose, loss of hydrogen atoms
where does NADH and FADH2 carry 2e- each to
electron transport chain ETC
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
What does pyruvatee oxidation use
2 pyruvate, 2 nad+, 2 CoA
how many carbons in citrate/citric acid
6-c
who do macromolecules (such as proteins) contribute to cellular respiration?
amino acids are used in pyruvate in glycolysis, acetyl coA in pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid (krebs cycle)…proteins will lose amino groups
Krebs cycle produces more ________ than ________ and ________ all together
electrons, glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation all together
what is the equation for cellular respiration?
glucose + 6o2 ——>6co2 + 6h20 + ATP+ heat
what are the electrons carriers
coenzymes: NADH and FADH2
what causes the krebs cycle to turn twice
2 acetyl coA
NADH carried what
2e- and 1H+
which stages of cellular respiration is anaerobic
glycolysis and fermentation (in eukaryotes)
what is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H1206
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane
prokaryotes produce how many atp per glucose
32/glucose
why does eukaryotes produce less than prokaryotes
eukaryotes use 2 atp to transport 2 molecules of glycolytic nadh from cytoplasm to mitochondria
obligate anarobes
produce atp in absence of o2 because it is toxic to them (many prokaryotes - bacteria and archae)
overall, glycolysis is what type of reaction
exergonic
what enzymes remove 2H atoms (2h+ and 2e-) from organic molecules and transfer H+ and 2e_ to NAD+, reducing it to NADH…
dehydrogenase
Alcohol fermentation
occurs in cytoplasm of yeast, the absence of oxygen
in cellular respiration, which has more energy the products or reactants
reactants
with protein complexes H+ moves _____ concentration gradient and what type of transport
UP, active transport (due to proteins)
what is the second phase of glycolysis
energy payoff phase
No living organism can live without…
ATP
what is chemiosmosis
the movement of H+ through atp synthase to make atp
What is substrate level of phosphorylation
produces samll amount of ATP and occurs during glycolysis and
which stages of cellular respiration are aerobic respiration
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
what is happening in glycolysis
single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut half through a series of steps
where does eukaryotes occur
cytoplasm
How do humans need to do in order to make ATP?
eat and breath
with substrate level of phosphorylation how is atp created during glycolysis and the krebs cycle
by enzymatic transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate directly to ADP
What is the third stage of cellular respiration
krebs cycle or citric cycle
what type of reaction is the second phase of glycolysis
exergonic
how does protein complexes use energy and how
uses energy from electrons to move H+ from mitochondrial matrix (where h+ concentration is low) to intermembrane space (where H+ is higher)
what are two types of anaerobic fermentation
lactic acid and alcohol fermentatioln
What is the equation for FAD+ reducing
FAD+ + 2H —–> FADH2
how many carbons in acetyl-coA
2-c
what happens in phase 2 of krebs cycle
citrate/citric acid reacts with 2 NAD+, ADP, and Pi to produce succinate, 2 NADH, 2 CO2, and ATP
what is fermentation
process that regenerates 2 NAD+ in the absence of oxygen and allows glycolysis to continue producing a total of 2 atp by substrate level phosphorylation
who do macromolecules (such as carbs) contribute to cellular respiration?
sugars (glucose) are used in glycolysis
cellular respiration is what type of reaction
exergonic rxn
energy payoff uses what reactants
2 g3p, 2 NAD+, 2 PI, 4 ADP
what type of reaction is phase 2 of krebs cycle
exergonic
what is needed for ATP synthase to make ATP
high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space
2 NAD+ is reduced or oxidized? and to what in pyruvate oxidation
reduced to 2 NADH
how many carbons in oxaloacetate
4-c
what is being reduced in cellular respiration and how?
oxygen, gain of hydrogen atoms
For each acetyl coA entering kreb cycle what is produced
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
what happens in alcohol fermenation
2 pyruvate is turned reduced to 2 ethanol, release carbon dioxide and oxidized 2 NADH to 2 NAD+
what enzyme transfer 2h+ and 2e- to FAD, reducing it to FADH2
Dehydrogenase
ECT stands for
electron transport chemiosmosis
what is reduced in lactic acid fermentation
2 pyruvate to 2 lactate (lactic acid)
what does glucose becomes oxidized to?
co2
What involves the movement of electrons from one molecule to another?
oxidation-reduction or redox reactions
what is the products of glycolysis
2 molecules or pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH, and net 2 molecules of ATP
what is the equation for NAD+ reducing
NAD+ + 2h+ —> NADH + H+
where do we get the 1 ATP for entering kreb cycle
by substrate level phosphorylation
where does the first stage of cellular respiration occur
cytoplasm
what enzyme does the transfer of phosphate group from a substrate to adp
kinase
lactic acid fermentation
occurs in cytoplasm of our skeletal muscles after severe or extended exercise
what is the first stage of cellular respiration
glycolysis
what protein complexes are h+ pumps
1,3,4
what happens when electron move from one molecule to another
loses energy
What is need to carry out cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
what is the products of the first phase of glycolysis
2 G3P, 2 atp
what is needed for oxidative phosphorylation to happen
etc and chemiosmosis
where does the second stage of cellular respiration occur
mitochondrial matrix
phase 3 of krebs cycle
succinate reacts with FAD and NAD+ to produce oxaloacetate FADH2, and NADH
How do we get 3 NADH for entering kreb cycle
2 NADH from stage 2, 1 NADH from stage 3
energy investment phase is what type of reaction
endergonic
FAD carries what
2e- and 2H+
What cycle produces FADH2
only krebs cycle
why is the first stage of glycolysis endergonic
2 molecules of ATP is needed to produce 2 molecules of G3P
atp synthesis occurs where in prokaryotes
plasma membrane of prokaryotes
what is the products of cellular respiration?
co2, water, ATP
what does pyruvate oxidation produce
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 + 2H+
Prokaryotes and Eurkaryotes can’t live without…
ATP
NAD+ is reduced or oxidized, and to what
reduced to Nadh
oxidized means
loss of electrons
overall the krebs cycle yield or produce what
4 co2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
what are the 2 mobile carriers in ETC
Q and Cyt C
majority of the atp produced is from where
oxidative phosporylation
Facultative anarobes
produce atp in presence or absence of o2 (yeast and skeletal muscles)
FAD is reduced or oxidized, and to what
reduced to FADH2
anaerobic respiration
cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
the kreb cycle start and end with what molecule
oxaloacetate
etc includes what
protein complexes 1-4, and 2 mobile e-carriers
what happens in phase 1 of krebs cycle
each acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to produce citrate or citric acid
what is CoA
coenzyme A
what does oxygen becomes reduced to?
h20
what is the first phase of glycolysis
energy investment phase
where does the kreb cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
aerobic respiration
cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
reduced mean
gain of electrons
2 pyruvate is reduced or oxided? and to what in the second stage of glycolysis
oxidized to 2 Acetyl CoA
what is the second stage of cellular respiration
pyruvate oxidation
What is acetyl coenzyme made up of
2-c, and CoA
what is not a true product of cellular respiration
ATP
what is g3p
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
eukaryotes produce how many atp per glucose
30/glucose
how does ATP synthase produced ATP
H+ rush through atp synthase from inner membrane space (h+ concentration is higher) to the mitochondrial matrix (h+ concentration is lower), it rotates and combines ADP with Pi to make atp
atp occurs where in eukaryotes
inner mitochondrial membrane
when atp synthase is making atp H+ is moving ____ concentration gradient and what type of transport
down, passive transport (faciliated diffusion)
what is the second phase of glycolysis products
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 4 atp
