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Biology > Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what stage can happen in cellular respiration with the presence or absence of o2

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

overall, glycolysis produces how many atp by substrate level phosporylation (and how is it this number)

A

2 atp….2 are being used and 4 atp is being produced

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3
Q

what does glycolysis mean

A

sugar break

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4
Q

who do macromolecules (such as fats) contribute to cellular respiration?

A

glycerol is uses for G3P in glycolysis, fatty acids are used for acetyl CoA in pyruvate oxidation

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5
Q

For each acetyl coA entering kreb cycle what is released

A

2 molecules of CO2

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6
Q

how do we get 1 FADH for entering kreb cycle

A

1 from stage 3

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7
Q

why is the first phase of glycolysis endergonic

A

2 atp is needed

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8
Q

what reactants does energy investment phase use

A

glucose and 2 atp

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9
Q

what is oxidized in lactic acid fermentation

A

2 NADH to 2 NAD+

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10
Q

what kind of reaction is glycolysis

A

exergonic reaction

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11
Q

what is being oxidized in cellular respiration and how?

A

glucose, loss of hydrogen atoms

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12
Q

where does NADH and FADH2 carry 2e- each to

A

electron transport chain ETC

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13
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

What does pyruvatee oxidation use

A

2 pyruvate, 2 nad+, 2 CoA

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15
Q

how many carbons in citrate/citric acid

A

6-c

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16
Q

who do macromolecules (such as proteins) contribute to cellular respiration?

A

amino acids are used in pyruvate in glycolysis, acetyl coA in pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid (krebs cycle)…proteins will lose amino groups

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17
Q

Krebs cycle produces more ________ than ________ and ________ all together

A

electrons, glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation all together

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18
Q

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + 6o2 ——>6co2 + 6h20 + ATP+ heat

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19
Q

what are the electrons carriers

A

coenzymes: NADH and FADH2

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20
Q

what causes the krebs cycle to turn twice

A

2 acetyl coA

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21
Q

NADH carried what

A

2e- and 1H+

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22
Q

which stages of cellular respiration is anaerobic

A

glycolysis and fermentation (in eukaryotes)

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23
Q

what is the chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H1206

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24
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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25
Q

prokaryotes produce how many atp per glucose

A

32/glucose

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26
Q

why does eukaryotes produce less than prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes use 2 atp to transport 2 molecules of glycolytic nadh from cytoplasm to mitochondria

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27
Q

obligate anarobes

A

produce atp in absence of o2 because it is toxic to them (many prokaryotes - bacteria and archae)

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28
Q

overall, glycolysis is what type of reaction

A

exergonic

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29
Q

what enzymes remove 2H atoms (2h+ and 2e-) from organic molecules and transfer H+ and 2e_ to NAD+, reducing it to NADH…

A

dehydrogenase

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30
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

occurs in cytoplasm of yeast, the absence of oxygen

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31
Q

in cellular respiration, which has more energy the products or reactants

A

reactants

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32
Q

with protein complexes H+ moves _____ concentration gradient and what type of transport

A

UP, active transport (due to proteins)

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33
Q

what is the second phase of glycolysis

A

energy payoff phase

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34
Q

No living organism can live without…

A

ATP

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35
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

the movement of H+ through atp synthase to make atp

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36
Q

What is substrate level of phosphorylation

A

produces samll amount of ATP and occurs during glycolysis and

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37
Q

which stages of cellular respiration are aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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38
Q

what is happening in glycolysis

A

single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut half through a series of steps

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39
Q

where does eukaryotes occur

A

cytoplasm

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40
Q

How do humans need to do in order to make ATP?

A

eat and breath

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41
Q

with substrate level of phosphorylation how is atp created during glycolysis and the krebs cycle

A

by enzymatic transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate directly to ADP

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42
Q

What is the third stage of cellular respiration

A

krebs cycle or citric cycle

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43
Q

what type of reaction is the second phase of glycolysis

A

exergonic

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44
Q

how does protein complexes use energy and how

A

uses energy from electrons to move H+ from mitochondrial matrix (where h+ concentration is low) to intermembrane space (where H+ is higher)

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45
Q

what are two types of anaerobic fermentation

A

lactic acid and alcohol fermentatioln

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46
Q

What is the equation for FAD+ reducing

A

FAD+ + 2H —–> FADH2

47
Q

how many carbons in acetyl-coA

A

2-c

48
Q

what happens in phase 2 of krebs cycle

A

citrate/citric acid reacts with 2 NAD+, ADP, and Pi to produce succinate, 2 NADH, 2 CO2, and ATP

49
Q

what is fermentation

A

process that regenerates 2 NAD+ in the absence of oxygen and allows glycolysis to continue producing a total of 2 atp by substrate level phosphorylation

50
Q

who do macromolecules (such as carbs) contribute to cellular respiration?

A

sugars (glucose) are used in glycolysis

51
Q

cellular respiration is what type of reaction

A

exergonic rxn

52
Q

energy payoff uses what reactants

A

2 g3p, 2 NAD+, 2 PI, 4 ADP

53
Q

what type of reaction is phase 2 of krebs cycle

A

exergonic

54
Q

what is needed for ATP synthase to make ATP

A

high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space

55
Q

2 NAD+ is reduced or oxidized? and to what in pyruvate oxidation

A

reduced to 2 NADH

56
Q

how many carbons in oxaloacetate

A

4-c

57
Q

what is being reduced in cellular respiration and how?

A

oxygen, gain of hydrogen atoms

58
Q

For each acetyl coA entering kreb cycle what is produced

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

59
Q

what happens in alcohol fermenation

A

2 pyruvate is turned reduced to 2 ethanol, release carbon dioxide and oxidized 2 NADH to 2 NAD+

60
Q

what enzyme transfer 2h+ and 2e- to FAD, reducing it to FADH2

A

Dehydrogenase

61
Q

ECT stands for

A

electron transport chemiosmosis

62
Q

what is reduced in lactic acid fermentation

A

2 pyruvate to 2 lactate (lactic acid)

63
Q

what does glucose becomes oxidized to?

A

co2

64
Q

What involves the movement of electrons from one molecule to another?

A

oxidation-reduction or redox reactions

65
Q

what is the products of glycolysis

A

2 molecules or pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH, and net 2 molecules of ATP

66
Q

what is the equation for NAD+ reducing

A

NAD+ + 2h+ —> NADH + H+

67
Q

where do we get the 1 ATP for entering kreb cycle

A

by substrate level phosphorylation

68
Q

where does the first stage of cellular respiration occur

A

cytoplasm

69
Q

what enzyme does the transfer of phosphate group from a substrate to adp

A

kinase

70
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

occurs in cytoplasm of our skeletal muscles after severe or extended exercise

71
Q

what is the first stage of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis

72
Q

what protein complexes are h+ pumps

A

1,3,4

73
Q

what happens when electron move from one molecule to another

A

loses energy

74
Q

What is need to carry out cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

75
Q

what is the products of the first phase of glycolysis

A

2 G3P, 2 atp

76
Q

what is needed for oxidative phosphorylation to happen

A

etc and chemiosmosis

77
Q

where does the second stage of cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

78
Q

phase 3 of krebs cycle

A

succinate reacts with FAD and NAD+ to produce oxaloacetate FADH2, and NADH

79
Q

How do we get 3 NADH for entering kreb cycle

A

2 NADH from stage 2, 1 NADH from stage 3

80
Q

energy investment phase is what type of reaction

A

endergonic

81
Q

FAD carries what

A

2e- and 2H+

82
Q

What cycle produces FADH2

A

only krebs cycle

83
Q

why is the first stage of glycolysis endergonic

A

2 molecules of ATP is needed to produce 2 molecules of G3P

84
Q

atp synthesis occurs where in prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane of prokaryotes

85
Q

what is the products of cellular respiration?

A

co2, water, ATP

86
Q

what does pyruvate oxidation produce

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 + 2H+

87
Q

Prokaryotes and Eurkaryotes can’t live without…

A

ATP

88
Q

NAD+ is reduced or oxidized, and to what

A

reduced to Nadh

89
Q

oxidized means

A

loss of electrons

90
Q

overall the krebs cycle yield or produce what

A

4 co2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

91
Q

what are the 2 mobile carriers in ETC

A

Q and Cyt C

92
Q

majority of the atp produced is from where

A

oxidative phosporylation

93
Q

Facultative anarobes

A

produce atp in presence or absence of o2 (yeast and skeletal muscles)

94
Q

FAD is reduced or oxidized, and to what

A

reduced to FADH2

95
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen

96
Q

the kreb cycle start and end with what molecule

A

oxaloacetate

97
Q

etc includes what

A

protein complexes 1-4, and 2 mobile e-carriers

98
Q

what happens in phase 1 of krebs cycle

A

each acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to produce citrate or citric acid

99
Q

what is CoA

A

coenzyme A

100
Q

what does oxygen becomes reduced to?

A

h20

101
Q

what is the first phase of glycolysis

A

energy investment phase

102
Q

where does the kreb cycle occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

103
Q

aerobic respiration

A

cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen

104
Q

reduced mean

A

gain of electrons

105
Q

2 pyruvate is reduced or oxided? and to what in the second stage of glycolysis

A

oxidized to 2 Acetyl CoA

106
Q

what is the second stage of cellular respiration

A

pyruvate oxidation

107
Q

What is acetyl coenzyme made up of

A

2-c, and CoA

108
Q

what is not a true product of cellular respiration

A

ATP

109
Q

what is g3p

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

110
Q

eukaryotes produce how many atp per glucose

A

30/glucose

111
Q

how does ATP synthase produced ATP

A

H+ rush through atp synthase from inner membrane space (h+ concentration is higher) to the mitochondrial matrix (h+ concentration is lower), it rotates and combines ADP with Pi to make atp

112
Q

atp occurs where in eukaryotes

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

113
Q

when atp synthase is making atp H+ is moving ____ concentration gradient and what type of transport

A

down, passive transport (faciliated diffusion)

114
Q

what is the second phase of glycolysis products

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 4 atp

Biology (14 decks)

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