Chapter 9: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. -

Question 2

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 2

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. -

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

processing of information into the memory system– for example, by extracting meaning. -

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

retention of encoded information over time. -

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

process of getting information out of memory storage. -

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. -

Question 7

Short-term Memory

Answer 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. -

Question 8

Long-term Memory

Answer 8

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. -

Question 9

Automatic Processing

Answer 9

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. -

Question 10

Effortful Processing

Answer 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. -

Question 11

Rehearsal

Answer 11

conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. -

Question 12

Spacing Effect

Answer 12

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. -

Question 13

Serial Position Effect

Answer 13

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. -

Question 14

Visual Encoding

Answer 14

encoding of picture images. -

Question 15

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 15

encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. -

Question 16

Semantic Encoding

Answer 16

(most effective) encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. -

Question 17

Imagery

Answer 17

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. -

Question 18

Mnemotics

Answer 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. -

Question 19

Chuncking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. -

Question 20

Iconic Memory

Answer 20

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. -

Question 21

Echoic Memory

Answer 21

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. -

Question 22

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 22

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief; rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory (Biological bases for memory). - Biological

Question 23

Amnesia

Answer 23

the loss of memory. -

Question 24

Implicit Memory

Answer 24

[Procedural Memory] retention independent of conscious recollection. -

Question 25

Explicit Memory

Answer 25

[Declarative Memory] memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”. -

Question 26

Hippocampus

Answer 26

a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. -

Question 27

Recall

Answer 27

a measure or memory in which the person must retrieve info. learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. -

Question 28

Recognition

Answer 28

measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. -

Question 29

Relearning

Answer 29

memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. -

Question 30

Priming

Answer 30

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. -

Question 31

Déjà vu

Answer 31

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. -

Question 32

Mood-congruent Memory

Answer 32

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood. -

Question 33

Proactive interference

Answer 33

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. -

Question 34

Retroactive interference

Question 35

Repression

Answer 35

(psychoanalytic theory) the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. -

Question 36

Misinformation Effect

Answer 36

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event (Did you see the.. vs Did you see a…). -

Question 37

Source Amnesia

Answer 37

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. -