Chapter 3: Nature and Nurture of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

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2
Q

DNA

A

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

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3
Q

Genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.

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4
Q

Genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.

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5
Q

Natural Selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

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6
Q

Mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

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7
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

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8
Q

Gender

A

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

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9
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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10
Q

Environment

A

every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

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11
Q

Identical Twins

A

monozygotic twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

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12
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

twins who develop from separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

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13
Q

Temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

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14
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; tells us how much of the variation that exists between a group of individuals is due to genetics.

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15
Q

Interaction

A

the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

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16
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

17
Q

Culture

A

(collective or Individualistic) the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

18
Q

Norm

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.

19
Q

Personal Space

A

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

20
Q

Memes

A

self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person.

21
Q

X Chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found in both men and women.

22
Q

Y Chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found only in males.

23
Q

Testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones.

24
Q

Role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

25
Q

Gender Role

A

a set of expected behaviors for males and for females.

26
Q

Gender Identity

A

one’s sense of being male or female. -Humanistic

27
Q

Gender Typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

28
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

29
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A

(from very young age you learn your role) the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly.