Chapter 7: States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment. -

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2
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

Periodic physiological fluctuations. -

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3
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. -

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4
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. -

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5
Q

Alpha Waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. -

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6
Q

Sleep

A

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness. -

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7
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. -

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8
Q

Delta Waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. -

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9
Q

Insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. -

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10
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. -

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11
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. -

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12
Q

Night Terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. -

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13
Q

Dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. -

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14
Q

Manifest Content

A

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. -

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15
Q

Latent Content

A

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. -

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16
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). -

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17
Q

Hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. -

18
Q

Posthypnotic Suggestion

A

a suggestion that is made to a person who is hypnotized that specifies an action he will perform (usually in response to a cue) after he has awakened. -

19
Q

Dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. -

20
Q

Dissociation

A

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. -

21
Q

Hidden Observer

A

Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis. -

22
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. -

23
Q

Tolerance

A

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect. -

24
Q

Withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. -

25
Q

Physical Dependence

A

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. -

26
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. -

27
Q

Depressants

A

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. -

28
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. -

29
Q

Hallucinogens

A

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. -

30
Q

Barbituates

A

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. -

31
Q

Opiates

A

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. -

32
Q

Amphetamines

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. -

33
Q

Ecstasy

A

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. -

34
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. -

35
Q

THC

A

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. -

36
Q

Near Death Experience

A

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death such as cardiac arrest often similar to drug induced hallucinations. -

37
Q

Dualism

A

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. -

38
Q

Monism

A

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. -

39
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

short bursts of brain waves (increased frequency) detected in stage 2 sleep -

40
Q

Addiction

A

compulsive drug craving and use. -