Chapter 5: Sensation Flashcards
Sensation
(in the moment processing) the process by which our senses, sensory receptors and nervous system, receive stimuli and sends it to the brain. -
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. -
Bottom-up Processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. -
Top-down Processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. -
Psychophysics
The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. -
Absolute Threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. -
Signal Detection Theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. -
Subliminal
below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. -
Difference Threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. -
Weber’s Law
states that the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made. -
Sensory Adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. -
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. -
Wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. -
Hue
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light. -
Intensity
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude. -
Pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. -
Iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. -
Lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. -
Accomodation
the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. -