Chapter 5: Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

(in the moment processing) the process by which our senses, sensory receptors and nervous system, receive stimuli and sends it to the brain. -

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2
Q

Perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. -

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. -

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4
Q

Top-down Processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. -

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. -

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6
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. -

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7
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. -

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8
Q

Subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. -

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9
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. -

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10
Q

Weber’s Law

A

states that the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made. -

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11
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. -

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12
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. -

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13
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. -

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14
Q

Hue

A

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light. -

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15
Q

Intensity

A

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude. -

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16
Q

Pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. -

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17
Q

Iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. -

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18
Q

Lens

A

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. -

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19
Q

Accomodation

A

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. -

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20
Q

Rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond. -

21
Q

Cones

A

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. -

22
Q

Optic Nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. -

23
Q

Blind Spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells are located there. -

24
Q

Fovea

A

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster. -

25
Q

Retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. -

26
Q

Acuity

A

the sharpness of vision. -

27
Q

Nearsightedness

A

a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina. -

28
Q

Farsightedness

A

a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina. -

29
Q

Feature Detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. -

30
Q

Parallel Processing

A

the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. -

31
Q

Young-Helmholtz Theory

A

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. -

32
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. -

33
Q

Color Constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. -

34
Q

Audition

A

the sense of hearing. -

35
Q

Frequency

A

the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually one second. -

36
Q

Pitch

A

a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. -

37
Q

Middle Ear

A

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. -

38
Q

Inner Ear

A

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. -

39
Q

Cochlea

A

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. -

40
Q

Place Theory

A

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. -

41
Q

Frequency Theory

A

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. -

41
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. -

42
Q

Nerve Deafness

A

hearing loss created by damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve fibers in the inner ear. -

43
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

theory that spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pains signals or allows them to pass. Opened by activity of pain going up small nerve fibers & is closed by act of large fibers or by info coming from brain. -

44
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. -

45
Q

Kinesthesis

A

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. -

46
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. -

47
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. -