Chapter 18: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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2
Q

Attribution Theory

A

the theory that we tend to give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

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3
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

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4
Q

Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

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5
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

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6
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

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7
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

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8
Q

Social Facilitation

A

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others.

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9
Q

Social Loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then when individually accountable.

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10
Q

Deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

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11
Q

Group Polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group.

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12
Q

Groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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13
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

the tendency to favor one’s own group.

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14
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

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15
Q

Just-World Phenomenon

A

the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

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16
Q

Frustration-Aggression Principle

A

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression.

17
Q

Social Trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

18
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

19
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

20
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

21
Q

Bystander Effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

22
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

23
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

24
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.