Chapter 10: Thinking and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. -

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2
Q

Concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. -

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3
Q

Prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category. -

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4
Q

Algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics. -

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5
Q

Heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. -

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6
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

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7
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions, ignoring anything against it. -

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8
Q

Fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment (obstacle) to problem solving. -

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9
Q

Mental Set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. -

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10
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. -

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11
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. -

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12
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. -

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13
Q

Overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct–to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments. -

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14
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how as issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. -

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15
Q

Belief Bias

A

the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid. -

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16
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. -

17
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

AI-

18
Q

Computer Neural Networks

A

A method of AI that teaches computers to think like the brain. -

19
Q

Language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. -

20
Q

Phoneme

A

in a language the smallest distinctive sound unit. -

21
Q

Morpheme

A

in a language the smallest unit that carries meaning. -

22
Q

Grammar

A

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate and understand others. -

23
Q

Semantics

A

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language also the study of meaning. -

24
Q

Syntax

A

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. -

25
Q

Babbling Stage

A

(beginning at about 4 months) the stage of speech development where the child makes sounds that resemble their language, from about age 1 to 2 during. -

26
Q

One-word Stage

A

(occurs from about age 1-2) the stage in which children speak mainly in single words. -

27
Q

Two-word Stage

A

(beginning about age 2) the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements. -

28
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. -

29
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think. -