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Psych 202 > Chapter 9: Language and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

language

A

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and that convey meaning

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2
Q

grammar

A

a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meanful messages

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3
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest unit of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than random noise

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4
Q

phonological rules

A

indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

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5
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest meaningful units of language

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6
Q

morphological rules

A

indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

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7
Q

content morphemes

A

refers to things and events

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8
Q

function morphemes

A

serve grammatical functions

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9
Q

syntactic rules

A

indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentense

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10
Q

fast mapping

A

the process whereby children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

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11
Q

telegraphic speech

A

sentences that are devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words

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12
Q

nativist theory

A

language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

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13
Q

universal grammar

A

a collection of processes that facilitate language learnig

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14
Q

genetic dysphasia

A

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

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15
Q

Broca’s area

A

located in left frontal lobe; involved with production of sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages

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16
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in the left temporal lobe; involved in language comprehension

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17
Q

aphasia

A

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

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18
Q

prototype theory

A

an example that embodies the most common and typical features of the concept

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19
Q

exemplar theory

A

comparing examples of members from that category to decide if it belongs in the category

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20
Q

category specific deficit

A

an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed

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21
Q

rational choice theory

A

We make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two

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22
Q

availability bias

A

Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently.

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23
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

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24
Q

framing effects

A

a bias whereby people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

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25
Q

sunk-cost fallacy

A

people make decisions about a current situation on the basis of what they have previously invested in the situation

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26
Q

optimism bias

A

People believe that compared with other individuals, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future

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27
Q

prospect theory

A

people are more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains

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28
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to use one’s mind to solve problems and learn from experience

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29
Q

intelligence deviation quotient (IQ)

A

a statistic obtained by dividing an adult’s test score by the average adult’s test score and then multiplying the quotient by 100

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30
Q

two-factor theory of intelligence (and who proposed it)

A

proposed that general intelligence (g) underlies all mental abilities
- Charles Spearman

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31
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience

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32
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

the ability to solve and reason about novel problems

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33
Q

emotional intelligence

A

the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

34
Q

artificial/formal concepts

A

concepts that have a formal set of properties/defintions

35
Q

natural concepts

A

concepts that do not have well defined categories

36
Q

inductive

A

from specific to general

37
Q

deductive

A

from general to specific

38
Q

what are the types of problem solving?

A

trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight

39
Q

heuristics (and what are the types of heuristics)

A

mental shortcuts or rules of thumb
- analogies

40
Q

insight

A

a solution that comes out of the blue

41
Q

functional fixedness

A

the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems

42
Q

mental set

A

we get into a mental rut in our approach to problem solving, continuing to use the same old method even though another approach might be better

43
Q

Belief perseverance

A

when confronted with information that contradicts our beliefs, we cling onto our discredited beliefs

44
Q

illusionary truth effect

A

repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that it will be accepted as a true statement

45
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

the tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably member of the category itself

46
Q

anchoring effects

A

the tendency to use one stimulus as an anchor or reference point in judging a second stimulus

47
Q

entity theorist

A

people who believe that intelligence is fixed

48
Q

incremental theorist

A

people who believe that intelligence is variable

49
Q

splitters

A

people who divide intelligence

50
Q

lumpers

A

people who view different aspects of intelligence as part of a general underlying capacity

51
Q

types of g (and who proposed it)

A

fluid and crystallized
- Raymond Cattell (lumper)

52
Q

used factor analysis

A

correlated analysis

53
Q

multifactor theory (and who was it proposed by)

A

There are seven factors of intelligence
- Lois Thurstone (splitter)

54
Q

frames of mind (and who proposed it)

A

there are multiple intelligences, each linked to a separate and independent system in the brain
- Howard Gardner

55
Q

what is g and s?

A

general intelligence and specific intelligence

56
Q

triarchic theory (and who proposed it)

A

three kinds of human intelligence: componential/analytic, experimental/create, and contextual/practical
- Robert Sternberg

57
Q

mental age (and who created it)

A

assess children’s intelligence on their mental age
- Binet

58
Q

intelligence ratio quotient (and who created it)

A

mental age/chronological age * 100
- William Stern

59
Q

Wechsler Intelligence scales

A

a test with 5 scores for the different types of intelligence

60
Q

how are tests constructed and evaluated?

A

validity, reliability, standardization

61
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a given test accesses what it is supposed to measure

62
Q

reliability

A

the dependability or consistency of a measurement instrument

63
Q

standardization

A

ensures that the conditions for taking the test are the same for all test-takers

64
Q

The Heredity-Environment Controversy

A

to what extent is intelligence is determined by nature and nurture

65
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

how cultural stereotypes affect performance

66
Q

concept

A

a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

67
Q

primary mental abilities

A

stable and independent mental abilities

68
Q

Flynn effect

A

average IQ is higher today than a century ago

69
Q

when do children learn their first words?

A

10 to 12 months

70
Q

when do children begin to speak in telegraphic speech?

A

24 months

71
Q

In our twenties and thirties, what happens to our crystallized and fluid intelligence?

A

crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases

72
Q

contextual intelligence

A

the ability to quickly recognize what factors influence success on various tasks and is adept at both adapting to and shaping the environment
- street smart

73
Q

componential intelligence

A

book smart, analytical intelligence

74
Q

experiential intelligence

A

creative intelligence

75
Q

During your lifetime, your ________ stays relatively stable, whereas your ________ typically changes

A

relative intelligence; absolute intelligence

76
Q

cognition

A

all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

77
Q

Generally speaking, humans excel on cognitive tasks that involve _____ but perform poorly on cognitive tasks that involve _____

A

frequency; probability

78
Q

hierarchy of how nature and nurture play a role in intelligence

A
  1. identical twins raised together
  2. identical twins raised apart
  3. fraternal twins raised together
79
Q

when does babbling start in children?

A

4 months of age

80
Q

what is a subtype of implicit memory?

A

procedural memory

Psych 202 (14 decks)

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