Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
Learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Classical Conditioning (and who discovered it)
a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response (reactive behavior)
- Watson and Pavlov
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that the individual already knows about which produces a response
unconditioned response
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
the stimulus that the individual learns about
conditioned response
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
negative reinforcement
a stimulus that is taken away, and the removal of that stimulus is reinforcing
positive reinforcement
a stimulus is presented that increases the likelihood of a behavior
positive punishment
a stimulus is administered that reduces the likelihood of a behavior
negative punishment
a stimulus is removed that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
backward conditioning
US precedes the CS
- least effective
simultaneous conditioning
CS and US presented at the same time
- third best
Delayed conditioning
CS presented at least until the US is presented
- best type of conditioning
Trace conditioning
CS is discontinued before the US is presented
- second best
discrimination
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
extinction
- the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US
- when the reinforcements/punishments stop
spontaneous recovery
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
generalization
the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition
Conditioned taste aversion (and who discovered it)
- Garcia
- if new food makes you sick, you won’t eat it again
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will repeat that behavior in the future
Thorndike’s law of Effect
the principle thatbehaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, whereas those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated
instrumental behaviors (and who proposed it)
behavior that required an organism todo something
- Thorndike
operant behavior (and who proposed it)
refer tobehavior that an organism performs that has some impact on the environment
- Skinner
reinforcement
increases the likelihood of a response occurring
punishment
decreases the likelihood of a response occurring
primary reinforcers
help satisfy biological needs or desires
secondary reinforcers
derive their effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning
fixed-interval (FI) schedule
reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
variable-interval (VI) schedule
a behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
variable-ratio (VR) schedule
the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
intermittent reinforcement
only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
intermittent reinforcement effect
intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
shaping
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior
Latent learning
a process in which something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
cognitive map
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
observational learning
a process in which an organism learns by watching the actions of others
Mirror neurons
a type of cell found in the frontal and parietal lobes of primates, including humans
implicit learning
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
distributed practice
spreading out study activities so that more time intervenes between repetitions of the information to be learned
interleaved practice
mixes different kinds of problems or materials within a single study session
- good for math
practice testing
actively retrieving an item from memory during a test improves subsequent retention of that item more efficiently than simply studying it again
partiral reinforcement extinction effect
takes longer for a partially reinforced behavior to extinguish
habituation
a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
sensitization
a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus
acquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together
biological preparedness
a propensity for learning particular kinds of association over others
second/higher order conditioning
a type of learning whereby a CS is paired with a stimulus that because associated with the US in an earlier procedure
John Garcia
studied the conditioned taste aversion and biological preparedness
positive
when a stimulus is presented
negative
when a stimulus is removed
is reinforcement or punishment more effective?
reinforcement
schedules of reinforcement
how often the reinforcer is presented
interval schedules
based on the time intervals between reinforcements
ratio schedules
based on ratio of responses to reinforcements
Edward Chace Tolman
proposed latent learning and cognitive maps
classical condition in humans
phobias and counterconditioning
Bandura
investigated observational learning in humans
artificial grammar
a complex set of rules
judgments of learning
people’s estimates on how well they learned something
B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both
shaping and immediate reinforcement
What part of the brain is most associated with the positive aspects of reinforcement
limbic system
Operant conditioning involves which brain region(s
Nucleus Accumbens
If you are learning something implicitly, what area of the brain is not as active as that of someone learning explicitly
the hippocampus
we have a greater responsiveness to ________ reinforcement than to ________ reinforcement
immediate; delayed
Mark Lepper
confirmation bias
