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Psych 202 > Chapter 7: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning (and who discovered it)

A

a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response (reactive behavior)
- Watson and Pavlov

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3
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that the individual already knows about which produces a response

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4
Q

unconditioned response

A

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus that the individual learns about

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6
Q

conditioned response

A

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a stimulus that is taken away, and the removal of that stimulus is reinforcing

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8
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a stimulus is presented that increases the likelihood of a behavior

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9
Q

positive punishment

A

a stimulus is administered that reduces the likelihood of a behavior

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10
Q

negative punishment

A

a stimulus is removed that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

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11
Q

backward conditioning

A

US precedes the CS
- least effective

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12
Q

simultaneous conditioning

A

CS and US presented at the same time
- third best

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13
Q

Delayed conditioning

A

CS presented at least until the US is presented
- best type of conditioning

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14
Q

Trace conditioning

A

CS is discontinued before the US is presented
- second best

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15
Q

discrimination

A

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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16
Q

extinction

A
  • the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US
  • when the reinforcements/punishments stop
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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

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18
Q

generalization

A

the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition

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19
Q

Conditioned taste aversion (and who discovered it)

A
  • Garcia
  • if new food makes you sick, you won’t eat it again
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20
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will repeat that behavior in the future

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21
Q

Thorndike’s law of Effect

A

the principle thatbehaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, whereas those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

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22
Q

instrumental behaviors (and who proposed it)

A

behavior that required an organism todo something
- Thorndike

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23
Q

operant behavior (and who proposed it)

A

refer tobehavior that an organism performs that has some impact on the environment
- Skinner

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24
Q

reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a response occurring

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25
Q

punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a response occurring

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26
Q

primary reinforcers

A

help satisfy biological needs or desires

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27
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

derive their effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning

28
Q

fixed-interval (FI) schedule

A

reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

29
Q

variable-interval (VI) schedule

A

a behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

30
Q

fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

31
Q

variable-ratio (VR) schedule

A

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

32
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

33
Q

intermittent reinforcement effect

A

intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

34
Q

shaping

A

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

35
Q

Latent learning

A

a process in which something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

36
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

37
Q

observational learning

A

a process in which an organism learns by watching the actions of others

38
Q

Mirror neurons

A

a type of cell found in the frontal and parietal lobes of primates, including humans

39
Q

implicit learning

A

learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition

40
Q

distributed practice

A

spreading out study activities so that more time intervenes between repetitions of the information to be learned

41
Q

interleaved practice

A

mixes different kinds of problems or materials within a single study session
- good for math

42
Q

practice testing

A

actively retrieving an item from memory during a test improves subsequent retention of that item more efficiently than simply studying it again

43
Q

partiral reinforcement extinction effect

A

takes longer for a partially reinforced behavior to extinguish

44
Q

habituation

A

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

45
Q

sensitization

A

a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

46
Q

acquisition

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together

47
Q

biological preparedness

A

a propensity for learning particular kinds of association over others

48
Q

second/higher order conditioning

A

a type of learning whereby a CS is paired with a stimulus that because associated with the US in an earlier procedure

49
Q

John Garcia

A

studied the conditioned taste aversion and biological preparedness

50
Q

positive

A

when a stimulus is presented

51
Q

negative

A

when a stimulus is removed

52
Q

is reinforcement or punishment more effective?

A

reinforcement

53
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

how often the reinforcer is presented

54
Q

interval schedules

A

based on the time intervals between reinforcements

55
Q

ratio schedules

A

based on ratio of responses to reinforcements

56
Q

Edward Chace Tolman

A

proposed latent learning and cognitive maps

57
Q

classical condition in humans

A

phobias and counterconditioning

58
Q

Bandura

A

investigated observational learning in humans

59
Q

artificial grammar

A

a complex set of rules

60
Q

judgments of learning

A

people’s estimates on how well they learned something

61
Q

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both

A

shaping and immediate reinforcement

62
Q

What part of the brain is most associated with the positive aspects of reinforcement

A

limbic system

63
Q

Operant conditioning involves which brain region(s

A

Nucleus Accumbens

64
Q

If you are learning something implicitly, what area of the brain is not as active as that of someone learning explicitly

A

the hippocampus

65
Q

we have a greater responsiveness to ________ reinforcement than to ________ reinforcement

A

immediate; delayed

66
Q

Mark Lepper

A

confirmation bias

Psych 202 (14 decks)

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