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Psych 202 > Chapter 16: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

the study of the causes and consequences of reality

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2
Q

cooperation

A

behavior in by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

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3
Q

prisoner’s dilemma

A

illustrates risk of cooperation

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4
Q

group

A

collection of people that have something in common that separates them of others

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5
Q

prejudice

A

feelings that go along with beliefs about members of another group or a different group
- both conscious and unsconscious

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6
Q

costs of being in a group

A
  1. groups don’t fully capitalize on expertise of members
  2. common knowledge effect
  3. group members with moderate opinions can end up making extreme decisions
  4. group members are reluctant to share opposing opinions
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7
Q

common knowledge effect

A

tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

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8
Q

group polarization

A

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

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9
Q

groupthink

A

tendency for groups to believe one idea to have interpersonal harmony
- reluctant to create conflict

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10
Q

deindividuation

A

a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values

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11
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

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12
Q

bystander intervention

A

the act of helping a stranger in an emergency situation

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13
Q

bystanders and responsibility

A

the fewer bystanders, the more morally responsible the person feels

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14
Q

altruism

A

intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

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15
Q

kin selection

A

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

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16
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

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17
Q

mere exposure effect

A

tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the frequency of exposure to that stimulus

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18
Q

beauty standards

A
  • body shape
  • symmetry
  • age
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19
Q

why is similarity attractive?

A
  1. easily agree
  2. share attitudes and beliefs
  3. we like being liked
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20
Q

passionate love

A

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

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21
Q

companionate love

A

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s wellbeing

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22
Q

social cognition

A

the process by which people come to understand others

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23
Q

stereotyping

A

beliefs or cognitions that we have about other groups or people

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24
Q

properties that make stereotyping a subject to misuse

A
  1. inaccuracy
  2. overused when variability is high
  3. tend to be self-perpetuating
  4. unconscious and automatic
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25
Q

perceptual confirmation

A

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

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26
Q

behavioral confirmation

A

tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave

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27
Q

stereotype threat

A

the target’s fear of confirming to the observer’s negative stereotype

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28
Q

attributions

A

how we determine the causes behind others’ behaviors

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29
Q

situational attribution

A

when we decide a person’s behavior was caused by a temporary situation

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30
Q

dispositional attribution

A

when we decide a person’s behavior was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or art in a certain way

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31
Q

fundamental attribution error/correspondence bias

A

tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution

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32
Q

actor observer effect

A

tendency for individuals for external attributions for our own behavior but internal attributions for others behavior

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33
Q

social influence

A

ability to change or direct another person’s behavior

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34
Q

three motivations that underlie social influence

A
  1. hedonic motive
  2. approval motive
  3. accuracy motive
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35
Q

hedonic motive

A

motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

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36
Q

approval motive

A

motivated to be accepted and to avoid rejection

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37
Q

accuracy motive

A

motivated to believe what is right and avoid believing what is wrong

38
Q

overjustification effect

A

occurs when a reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior

39
Q

reactance

A

an unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced into

40
Q

norms

A

customary standards for behavior that are shared by members of a culture

41
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

42
Q

normative influence

A

a phenomenon in which another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate

43
Q

conformity

A

tendency to do what others do

44
Q

obedience

A

tendency to do what authorities tell us to do

45
Q

attitude

A

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus

46
Q

belief

A

an enduring piece of knowledge about a stimulus

47
Q

informational influence

A

occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is good or true

48
Q

foot-in-the-door technique

A

involves making a small request and then following with a larger request

49
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their action, attitudes, or beliefs

50
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith

A

studied cognitive dissonance
- people who were given $1 for research said it was interesting while others said it was not

51
Q

self perception theory

A

shaping out beliefs based on our actions

52
Q

cognitive consistency

A

we are motivated towards consistency

53
Q

primacy effect

A

relying too heavily on the first traits of a person you receive and neglecting any subsequent traits you learn

54
Q

why does primacy effect occur?

A

schemas - fits newer attributes into existing idea
confirmation bias

55
Q

confirmation bias

A

paying attention to data that supports our beliefs and ignoring information that doesn’t

56
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

someone expecting something, and the person’s resulting behaviors align to fulfill the belief

57
Q

social comparison

A

we make judgements about ourselves by comparing ourselves to other people
- Leon Fesinger

58
Q

impression management

A

a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event

59
Q

flattery

A

the act of giving excessive compliments, generally for the purpose of ingratiating oneself with the subject

60
Q

Kelley’s Covariation model

A

an attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why we and other people behave in a certain way

61
Q

3 Factors to the Covariation model

A
  1. consensus
  2. distinctiveness
  3. consistency
62
Q

consensus

A

what are other people doing in a given situation
- low -> internal
- high -> external

63
Q

distinctiveness

A

behavior across different situations
- low -> internal (multiple situations)
- high -> external (one situation)

64
Q

consistency

A

behavior over time in the same situation
- high -> internal or external (could be personality or situational)
- low -> external (situational)

65
Q

Jones and Harris

A

studied fundamental attribution error/correspondence bias
- student that gave speech pro Castro was seen as a communist sympathizer although they were instructed to do so

66
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to make internal attribution during success and external attribution for failure

67
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

what happens to someone is internal rather than external

68
Q

compliance

A

a person’s modification of behavior in response to a request by another person

69
Q

factors that effect confirmity

A
  • group size
  • group cohesiveness
  • self-esteem
  • social status
  • culture
  • appearance of unanimity
70
Q

group size

A

the bigger the group, the more likely to comply

71
Q

group cohesiveness

A

when everyone feels apart of the group
- less cohesive group, less pressure to go along with them

72
Q

self esteem

A

people with low self-esteem are more likely to conform

73
Q

social status

A

people with an average level of social standing have more pressure to conform

74
Q

culture

A

collectivists are more likely to conform

75
Q

appearance of unanimity

A

if one person goes against the group, that frees up internal pressure to go along with the group

76
Q

what factors increased obedience in Milgram’s study

A
  • being in the same room as subject
  • subject has authoritarian personality
  • learner is in a different location from subject
  • research is conducted at a prestigious university
  • clothing
77
Q

tactics for complaince

A
  • tactics based on commitment or consistency
  • tactics based on reciprocity
  • tactics based on scarcity
78
Q

tactics based on commitment or consistency

A
  • foot in the door
  • low ball technique
79
Q

low-ball technique

A

once you have made a commitment, you are less likely to back out

80
Q

tactics based on reciprocity

A

door in the face

81
Q

door-in-the-face

A

big request, then make a small request

82
Q

tactics based on scarcity

A
  • hard to get
  • fast approaching deadline
  • justification
83
Q

hard to get

A

rarity makes it more attractive

84
Q

fast-approaching deadline

A

when deal is limited, you are more likely to comply

85
Q

justification

A

giving a reason results in more compliance

86
Q

pro-social behavior

A

helping behavior

87
Q

reciprocal liking

A

we like people who like us

88
Q

social facilitation

A

the improvement in performance that comes when there are other people around us
- pushes arousal towards optimal level

89
Q

social inhibition/impairment

A

when the presence of other people leads to a decrease in performance
- pushes arousal past level of optimal arousal

90
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency to put less effort into work when working in a group

91
Q

illusion of out group homogeneity

A

people in other groups are seen as all being alike

Psych 202 (14 decks)

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