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Psych 202 > Chapter 3: Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Brain and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to perform information-processing tasks

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2
Q

cell body (soma)

A

the part of the neuron that coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

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3
Q

nucleus

A

houses chromosomes that contain your DNA

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4
Q

cell membrane

A

the porous layer that encloses the cell body

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5
Q

dendrites

A

parts of the neuron that receive information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body

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6
Q

axon

A

the part of the neuron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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7
Q

myelin sheather

A

an insulating layer of fatty material (glial cells)

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8
Q

glial cells

A

support cells found in the nervous system

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9
Q

synapse

A

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of cell body of another

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10
Q

What are the major types of neurons?

A

sensory, motor, and interneurons

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11
Q

sensory neurons

A

receive information from the external world and convey this info to the brain via spinal cord

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12
Q

motor neurons

A

carry signals from the spinal cord the the muscles to produce movement

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13
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons

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14
Q

resting potential

A

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

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15
Q

action potential

A

an electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to a synapse

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16
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

breakpoints between myelin

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17
Q

refractory period

A

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be intiated

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18
Q

terminal buttons

A

knoblike structures at the end of an axon

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites

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20
Q

What are the three ways a neurotransmitter can leave the synapse

A
  1. reuptake
  2. broken down by enzymes
  3. diffusion
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21
Q

reuptake

A

when neurotransmitters are absorbed by the terminal buttons or by neighboring glial cells

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22
Q

diffusion

A

when neurotransmitters drift out of the synapse

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23
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Glutamate, GABA, Endorphins, Serotonin, Norepinephrine

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24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

involved in voluntary motor control, attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming, and memory
- associated with Alzheimer’s (low)

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

involved in regulating motor behavior, motivation, and emotional arousal
- associated with schizophrenia (high) ad Parkinson’s (low)

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26
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter enhances the transmission of info between neurons
- associated with seizures (high)

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27
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters, prevents firing of neurons, neuron becomes hyperpolarized
- associated with seizures (low)

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28
Q

Norepinephrine

A

involved in state of vigilance or heightened awareness of danger
- associated with mood disorders (low)

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29
Q

Serotonin

A

influence mood and arousal
- associated with mood disorders (low)

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30
Q

Endorphins

A

help dull the experience of pain and elevate moods

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31
Q

Agonists

A

drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

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32
Q

Antagonists

A

drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter

33
Q

A drug is able to bind to that neuron’s receptor. Is it an agonist or antagonist?

A

Agonist

34
Q

A drug is able to mimic the neurotransmitter. Is it an agonist or antagonist?

A

Agonist

35
Q

A drug is able to block the ability of the neurotransmitter to activate the receptor. Is it an agonist or antagonist?

A

Antagonist

36
Q

A drug is able to block reuptake. Is it an agonist or antagonist?

A

Agonist

37
Q

Nervous System

A

an interacting network of neurons that conveys information through the body

38
Q

central nervous system

A

composed of the brain and spinal cord

39
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connects the CNS to the body’s organs and muscles

40
Q

somatic nervous system

A

a set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and the CNS

41
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

a set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs. and glands

42
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

a set of nerves that prepare the body for action in challenging or threatening situations

43
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps the body return to a normal resting state

44
Q

What are the major divisions of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

45
Q

hindbrain

A

an area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord

46
Q

What structures make up the hindbrain?

A

Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum and pons

47
Q

medulla

A

coordinates heart rate, circulation, respiration

48
Q

reticular formation

A

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and arousal

49
Q

cerebellum

A

controls fine motor skills

50
Q

pons

A

relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

51
Q

what are the structures of the midbrain?

A

tectum and tegmentum

52
Q

tectum

A

orients an organism in the environment

53
Q

tegmentum

A

involved in movement and arousal

54
Q

what are the structures of the forebrain?

A

cerebral cortex, subcortical structures

55
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and divided into two hemispheres

56
Q

subcortical structures

A

areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the center of the brain

57
Q

What makes up the subcortical structures

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia

58
Q

Thalamus

A

relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

59
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

60
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

61
Q

amydala

A

plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories

62
Q

basal gang

A

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

63
Q

What are the structures that make up the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

64
Q

corpus callosum

A

a thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and hemispheres

65
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of the cerebral cortex, processes visual information

66
Q

temporal lobe

A

lower side of each hemisphere, responsible for hearing and language

67
Q

parietal lobel

A

front of the occipital lobe, carries information about touch

68
Q

frontal lobe

A

behind forehead, specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

69
Q

plasticity

A

adapt to changes in sensory inputs

70
Q

gene

A

major unit of hereditary transmission

71
Q

chromosomes

A

strands of DNA wound around each other in a double helix configuration

72
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences that determine how and if genes are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves

73
Q

gyri

A

a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain

74
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

a harmless radioactive substance is injected into a person’s bloodstream and then the brain is scanned by radiation detectors as the person performs tasks
shows us the function of the brain

75
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

uses a strong magnetic field to line up the nuclei of specific molecules in the brain tissue
shows us the structure of the brain

76
Q

computerized axial tomography (CT) scan

A

a scanner rotates a device around a person’s head and takes a series of X-ray photographs from different angles
shows us the structure of the brain

77
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

a device used to record electrical activity in the brain

78
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins
share about 50% of their genes

79
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins
share 100% of their genes

Psych 202 (14 decks)

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