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Psych 202 > Chapter 6: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

encoding

A

how does information get into memory

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3
Q

storage

A

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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4
Q

retrieval

A

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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5
Q

semantic encoding

A

the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory; done by left hemisphere of frontal lobe

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6
Q

visual imagery encoding

A

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures; done by occipital cortex

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7
Q

organizational encoding

A

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
- in frontal lobe

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8
Q

sensory memory

A

a memory of sensory events

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9
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory that lasts for a half a second

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

a fast-decaying store of auditory information that lasts for a few seconds

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11
Q

short term memory

A

a type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

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12
Q

rehearsal

A

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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13
Q

chunking

A

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

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14
Q

working memory

A

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

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15
Q

long term memory

A

a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

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16
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

a disorder that prevents the retention of new information

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17
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the loss of memories of past events

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18
Q

consolidation

A

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

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19
Q

reconsolidation

A

the process where memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

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20
Q

long-term potentiation

A

a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

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21
Q

retrieval cue

A

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

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22
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

states that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

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23
Q

State-dependent memory

A

the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

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24
Q

transfer-appropriate processing

A

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

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25
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

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26
Q

Explicit/declarative memory

A

when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

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27
Q

Implicit memory

A

nonconscious memories, memories the influence behavior without our awareness

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28
Q

procedural memory

A

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

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29
Q

priming

A

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus during an earlier study task

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30
Q

semantic memory

A

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world (facts)

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31
Q

episodic memory

A

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place (personal experiences)

32
Q

seven sins of memory

A

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

33
Q

transience/decay theory

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

34
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories interfere with old

35
Q

Proactive interference

A

old memories interfere with new

36
Q

absentmindedness (Encoding failure theory)

A

information never made it into memory

37
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

38
Q

blocking

A

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it (tip of tongue phenomenon)

39
Q

memory misattribution

A

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

40
Q

source memory

A

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

41
Q

suggestibility

A

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

42
Q

bias

A

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

43
Q

persistence

A

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

44
Q

flashbulb memories

A

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
- not any more accurate than regular memories

45
Q

what is the relationship between the hippocampus and memory?

A

the hippocampus consolidates memories

46
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin

A

proposed information processing model

47
Q

what makes up the information processing model

A

sensory memory, short term memory/working memory, long term memory

48
Q

memory span

A

the number of digits an individual can report after a single presentation

49
Q

Craik & Lockhart

A

proposes levels of processing theory of memory

50
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

the extensiveness of processing at a given level of memory

51
Q

Craik & Lockhart

A

said people will be better at retrieving memories if they form more associations with the material during learning

52
Q

Bradeley’s working memory model

A

phonological loop, visuospatial scratchpad. central executive

53
Q

primary effect

A

first piece of information will be remembered

54
Q

Recency effect

A

we are more likely to remember information that has been given to us more recently

55
Q

serial position effect

A

the tendency to remember the first and last work of a series

56
Q

context dependent memory

A

the environment in which you learn information can serve as retrieval queue

57
Q

inference

A

competition among related memories

58
Q

cue dependent theory

A

we don’t have the cues necessary for retrieval

59
Q

schemas

A

mental frameworks representing our knowledge and assumptions about the world

60
Q

what distorts our memory?

A

bias, misattribution, suggestibility

61
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memory

62
Q

hippocampus and memory

A

consolidation, inability to store new memories
childhood amnesia (only remembering at 3 years old)

63
Q

frontal cortex

A

associating fact to context

64
Q

basal ganglia

A

procedural memory (how to do things)

65
Q

cerebellum

A

classical conditioning

66
Q

what is the most important neurotransmitter for memory

A

acetylcholine

67
Q

Sperling

A

Created test of iconic memory

68
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

the conscious repetition of information that increases the time it stays in working memory

69
Q

HM case study

A

removed hippocampus which caused HM to not remember new things that happened to him

70
Q

Elizabeth Loftus case study

A

false memory syndrome
- the human memory is highly susceptible to suggestion

71
Q

retrieval failure

A

repression of memories

72
Q

when is the best time to study?

A

an hour before going to bed

73
Q

which brain structure is involved with the formation of explicit memories?

A

amygdala

74
Q

Those who seem to be memory whizzes tend to use ________ to aid memory

A

mnemonics

75
Q

what are the three types of encoding processes?

A

semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, and organizational encoding

76
Q

Which of the following brain structures is involved in the formation of explicit memories

A

frontal lobe

77
Q

Short-term memory is slightly better remembering…?

A

random digits than for random letters

Psych 202 (14 decks)

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