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Psych 202 > Chapter 11: Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

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2
Q

prior events

A

past events that has shaped an individual’s personality

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3
Q

anticipated events

A

future events that motivate the person to reveal particular personality characteristics

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4
Q

self report

A

a method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors typically via questionnaire or interview
- more reliable

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5
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

a clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

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6
Q

projective techniques

A

designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli
- issues with reliability and validity

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7
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

a projective technique in which respondents’ inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots

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8
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a projective technique in which respondents’ underlying motives and concerns and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

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9
Q

trait

A

a relatively stable deposition to behave in a certain way

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10
Q

highest level traits

A
  • dimensions or factors of personality
  • the most general traits at higher levels
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11
Q

hierarchical structure of traits

A

traits organized in a hierarchy in which specific behavioral tendencies are associated with higher order trait

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12
Q

The Big Five

A

the traits of the five-factor personality model: OCEAN
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism

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13
Q

do men and women have similar or different personalities?

A

men and women seem to be far more similar in personality than they are different

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14
Q

differences in men and women’s personalities

A

men - assertive, self-esteem, sensation seeking
women - neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness

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15
Q

brains of extraverts

A

reticular formation not easily stimulated

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16
Q

brains of introverts

A

cortex is easily stimulated

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17
Q

behavioral activation system (BAS)

A

activates approach behavior in response to the anticipation of reward
- highly active in extraverts

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18
Q

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

A

inhibits behavior in response to stimuli signaling punishment
- highly active in introverts

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19
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

personality ais formed by needs, strivings, and desires outside of awareness

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20
Q

id

A

the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives
- source of psychic energy that drives personality

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21
Q

superego

A

the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

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22
Q

ego

A

try to satisfy primitive urgers from id but in ways that will not cause problems
- reality principal
- between superego and id

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23
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce the anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

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24
Q

types of defense mechanisms

A

repression, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, sublimation

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25
Q

Humanistic approaches

A

believe humans have an innate drive to fulfill their potential and have the desire to grow
- self-actualization, congruence, and self concept

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26
Q

Existentialist psychologists

A

focused on the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live his or her life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death

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27
Q

self-actualizing tendency

A

the human motive toward realizing our inner potential

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28
Q

existential approach

A

personality determined by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

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29
Q

social–cognitive approach

A

personality in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
- our behavior is a function of our environment and thoughts

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30
Q

person–situation controversy

A

the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
- correlations between personality and behavior are low

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31
Q

personal constructs

A

dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

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32
Q

outcome expectations

A

a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior

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33
Q

locus of control

A

person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment
- internal: control your own destiny
- external: determined by luck

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34
Q

self-concept

A

a person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics

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35
Q

self-narrative

A

a story that we tell about ourselves

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36
Q

self-verification

A

the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept

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37
Q

Self-esteem

A

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

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38
Q

benefits of self esteem

A

social status, belonging, security

39
Q

self-serving bias

A

people tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures

40
Q

Father of psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

41
Q

What two things is the superego composed of

A

ego-ideal: what we should be
conscience: rule for how we should behave

42
Q

erogenous zones/Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

43
Q

Oral stage fixation

A

0 to 12/18 months
- oral aggression: verbally abusive, biting, sarcasm
- oral indulgence: naive, optimistic, gullible

44
Q

Anal stage fixation

A

12/18 months to 3 years
- anal retentive: hold onto shit, tight, emotionally closed off, neat orderly
- anal expulsive: throw shit all over place, messy

45
Q

phallic stage

A

3 to 5/6 years
- Oedipus complex
- Electra complex

46
Q

latency stage

A

5/6 years to puberty
the stage in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

47
Q

genital stage

A

puberty forward
- the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner

48
Q

repression

A

do not think about what makes us uncomfortable

49
Q

denial

A

does not exist

50
Q

projection

A

it’s not us, it’s the other person

51
Q

reaction formation

A

when our way of coping is doing the complete opposite of what we are feeling

52
Q

regression

A

we regress and act childish

53
Q

rationalization

A

make excuses and explain away our disappointments with shortcomings

54
Q

displacement

A

taking out feelings at a different target

55
Q

identification

A

act like someone who is more successful when we feel inferior

56
Q

sublimation

A

channel impulses into behaviors that are societally acceptable

57
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • power envy not penis envy
  • basic anxiety
58
Q

Carl Jung

A

collective unconscious, archetypes, extroversion/introversion

59
Q

collective unconscious

A

unconscious shared across members of a society

60
Q

archetypes

A

a generic, idealized model of a person, object, or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, patterned, or emulated

61
Q

Alfred Adler

A

striving for superiority
- we struggle with an inferiority complex

62
Q

how do we cope with basic anxiety

A
  1. we turn against people
  2. we move towards people
  3. we isolate from people
63
Q

libido

A

physic energy, sexual drive

64
Q

Which psychologist were Humanistic Psychologists?

A

Maslow

65
Q

deficiency orientation

A

focus on satisfying needs

66
Q

growth orientation

A

being satisfied with things we do have

67
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Trait theory

68
Q

central trait

A

the 5 to 10 traits that describe ourselves

69
Q

secondary traits

A

minor traits

70
Q

cardinal trait

A

the single dominate trait that defines a person; explains all behavior
- not everyone has a cardinal trait

71
Q

Raymond Cattel

A

used factor analysis to analyze Allport’s 200 traits

72
Q

source traits

A

underlying fundamental dimensions of personality

73
Q

surface traits

A

superficial traits, based on combinations of source traits

74
Q

openness to experience

A

imaginative vs practical

75
Q

conscientiousness

A

organized/hard working vs disorganized/unreliable

76
Q

extraversion

A

outgoing/assertive vs passive/reserved

77
Q

agreeable

A

compassion vs hostility

78
Q

neuroticism

A

anxious/worry vs calm/easy going

79
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

3 dimensions to describe personality: extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism (impulsivity)

80
Q

Jeffrey Gray

A

BAS/BIS

81
Q

twins and traits

A
  • MZ twins more similar than DZ twins
  • MZ twins reared apart just as similar as MZ twins reared together
82
Q

temperament

A

characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity

83
Q

Mischel

A

person-situation controversy

84
Q

Bandura

A

self system and reciprocal feedback loop

85
Q

reciprocal feedback

A

how we think about ourselves, situations, and our expectations affect our behavior

86
Q

Rotter

A

Locus of control, expectancies

87
Q

flow

A

a mental state of energized focus when engagement in tasks match one’s abilities

88
Q

when do humans recognize themselves in the mirror?

A

18 months

89
Q

Which personality instrument is also called the Big Five Inventory

A

NEO-PI

90
Q

What does the MMPI-2 measure?

A

wide range of psychological constructs: clinical problems, somatic problems, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and interpersonal problems

91
Q

functional autonomy

A

the motives for a certain behavior of a person in a certain situation are independent of their origins

92
Q

No matter how long and hard Oprah studies, she always feels she hasn’t studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Oprah shows signs of a

A

strong superego

93
Q

According to Freud, _____ largely governs the dynamics among the id, ego, and superego

A

anxiety

94
Q

Horney identifies three patterns in ways people use to deal with anxiety: moving towards others in a(n) __________ fashion, against others in a(n) __________ fashion, or away from others in a self-protective fashion

A

neurotic; aggressive

Psych 202 (14 decks)

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