Chapter 10: Development Flashcards
prenatal stage
development that ends at birth
zygote
a fertilized egg that contains genetic material from both the egg and the sperm
germinal stage
the 2 week period that begins at conception
- migrates down the fallopian tube and implants itself in the wall of the uterus
- continuously dividing cells
embryo
when the zygote implants itself in the uterine wall
- continues to divide
embryonic stage
a period that starts at about the 2nd week after conception and lasts until about the 8th/9th week
fetus
9 weeks in womb
- has a skeleton and muscles
- brain cells begin to generate axons and dendrites that allow them to communicate with other brain cells
fetal stage
a period that lasts from about the 9th week after conception until birth
why are humans born with such underdeveloped brains?
- never pass through its mother’s birth canal
2.development occurs within their environment
teratogen
any substance that passes from other to unborn child and impairs development
examples of teratogen
- mercury
- lead
- alcohol
- tobacco
- stress
- caffeine
- cannabis
- poverty
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
infancy
the stage of development that begins at birth and last between 18 and 24 months
motor development
the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions
motor reflexes
motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
root relax
causes infants to move their mouths toward any object that touches their cheek
sucking reflex
causes them to suck any object that enters their mouth
cephalocaudal rule
describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
- gain control over their heads first and feet last
proximodistal rule
describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
- control their trucks before elbows
Jean Piaget
studied cognitive development
cognitive development
the process by which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand
Four discrete stages of cognitive development
the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage
sensorimotor stage
infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it
- birth to 2 years
- learns object permanence
- separation anxiety
schemas
theories about the way the world works
assimilation
fitting new information into existing schemas
accommodation
modifying existing schemas to fit new information
object permanence
the fact that objects exist even when they are visable
childhood
the period that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until about 11 to 14 years
preoperational stage
children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world
- two to six years
- egocentrism
- does not understand conservation
concrete operational stage
children learn how various actions, or “operations,” can transform the concrete objects of the physical world.
- 7 to 11 years
- begins to understand conservation
- cannot think abstractly
conservation
the understanding that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant, despite changes in the object’s appearance
formal operational stage
children learn to reason about abstract concepts
- 12 and up
- hypothetical thoughts
false-belief task
fail to realize that other people don’t always know what they know
- language skills are an excellent predictor of how well they perform on false-belief tasks
theory of mind
the understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior
what are things Piaget got wrong about cognitive development
- development is more continuous
- transitions between stages generally occur earlier
three essential skills that allow children to learn from others
- joint attention
- imitation
- social referencing
joint attention
the ability to focus on what another person is focused on
- I see what you see
imitation
the tendency to do what another person does
- I do what you do
social referencing
the ability to another person’s
- I think what you think
primary caregiver
the person that quickly become the emotional center of the infant’s universe
attachment
emotional bond with a primary caregiver
attachment styles
characteristic patterns of reacting to the presence and absence of one’s primary caregiver
secure attachment
The infant may or may not be distressed when the caregiver leaves the room. When the caregiver returns, the distressed infant goes to them for calming, and the non-distressed infant acknowledges them with a glance or a smile
- confident that primary caregiver will respond
Ambivalent attachment
The infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves the room, but when they return the infant refuses to be comforted
- uncertain if that primary caregiver will respond
Avoidant attachment
The infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves the room, and ignores the caregiver when they return
- confident that primary caregiver won’t respond
Disorganized attachment
The infant shows no consistent pattern of response to the caregiver’s absence or return
- confused about their relationships with primary caregiver
- possible abuse from mother
temperament
a biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity
internal working model
a set of beliefs about the way relationships work
Piaget’s three ways of moral reasoning
a shift from realism to relativism, a shift from prescriptions to principles, a shift from outcomes to intentions
A shift from realism to relativism
realism: moral rules are directed by others
relativism: moral rules are negotiable
A shift from prescriptions to principles
prescriptions: rules are guidelines for specific actions in specific situations
principles: rules are expressions of general principles
A shift from outcomes to intentions
outcomes: an unintentional action that causes greater harm is more wrong than an intentional action that causes slight harm
intentions: the morality of an action depends on the motive
three distinct stages of moral development (and who created it)
preconventional stage, conventional stage, postconventional stage
- Kohlberg
preconventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
conventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
postconventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
adolescence
the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age)
puberty
the onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
primary sex characteristics
bodily structures that change at puberty and are directly involved in reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
bodily structures that change at puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction
why does puberty happen earlier today in girls than in the past?
diet, stress
gynephilic
attracted to women
androphilic
attracted to men
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
feeding, toilet training, independence, school, peer relationships, love relationships, parenting, reflection on life
adulthood
the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and lasts for the remainder of life
what parts of your brain deteriorate more quickly as you get other?
prefrontal cortex and its subcortical connections
egocentrism
the failure to understand that the world appears different to different people
what are the affects of FAS
brain abnormalities and cognitive deficits
what are the affects of tobacco on the fetus?
low birth weight, more likely to be born premature, more likely to have perceptual and attentional problems, deficits in attention and learning
Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development
believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child’s interaction with members of their own culture rather than their interaction with concrete objects
periods of development
prenatal period, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle and late adulthood, late adulthood
early childhood
the period from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years old
middle and late childhood
the period extending from about 6 to 11 years of age
early adulthood
the period that begins in late teens or early twenties and lasts through the thirties
middle and late adulthood
the developmental period that begins between 35 and 45 years of age and continues into the sixties
late adulthood
the developmental period that begins in the sixties and lasts until death
what are the effects of using alcohol while pregnant?
the fetus is more likely to have an intellectual disability, lower birth weight, and facial/limb abnormalities
Costs of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
increased risk of learning disability, cerebral palsy, and ADHD
Zones of proximal development and who discovered it?
things that child can do, things a child can’t do, things that the child can do with assistance
- Vygotsky
Scaffolding
a theory that focuses on a student’s ability to learn information through the help of a more informed individual
Harry Harlow
Did research on monkeys and attachment
Schanberg and Field
designed an intervention for premature infants
- infants that were getting more contact gained more weight
In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized the role of ____ during development
social interactions
Mary Ainsworth
strange situation, styles of attachment
effects of day cares on children
- day care infants more likely to be insecurely attached
- day care may or may not be associated with increased behavior problems
- high quality child care associated with increased social and academic competence
What is quality day care
- focus on teaching
- low student/teacher ratio
- caregivers who are sensitive and responsive
- ample verbal and cognitive stimulation
- stable providers
parenting styles
authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, neglectful
authoritarian
set rules and expect them to be followed
authoritative
set high but realistic standards
indulgent
make few rules or demands
neglectful
unconcerned and uninvolved
parenting styles and self esteem
boys with higher self-esteem are associated with parents with authoritative parenting styles
Erikson’s theory of socioemotional development
8 stages
1. trust vs mistrust
2. autonomy versus shame and doubt
3. initiative versus guilt
4. industry vs inferiority
5. identity vs confusion
6. learning intimacy vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation
8. integrity versus despair
trust vs mistrust stage
does a child trust at their needs will be met?
autonomy versus shame and doubt
does the child’s interactions in the world result in doubt or autonomy?
initiative versus guilt
does the child get positive or negative encouragement from their decisions?
industry vs inferiority
does the child feel self-competent or inferior?
identity vs confusion
does the adolescent figure out who they are or do they become lost?
learning intimacy vs isolation
does the adult find love or not
generativity vs stagnation
does the adult nurture the generation or are they self-focused
integrity versus despair
did we make the right or wrong choices in our life
Who proposed the idea that children are young apprentices?
Vygotsky
The speed of neurotransmission in the frontal lobe increases during adolescence due to the growth of
myelin
The heart begins to beat in the ________ stage of prenatal development
embryonic
During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________
frontal lobes; limbic system
The embryo develops from the
the zygote’s inner cells
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers’ ________ and that of another nursing mother
smell
Newborn infants typically prefer their mother’s voice to their father’s voice because
they become familiar with their mother’s voice before they are born
children in the preoperational stage seem to lack
- understanding of relational terms
- the ability to see/understand that others may perceive the world differently
In the transition from childhood to adulthood: puberty is a ______ transition: and adolescence is a _____ transition
physical, cultural
