Chapter 8: Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
emotion
a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action
map of emotional experience (dimensions of emotion)
mapping of emotions based on valence and arousal
- valence: positive or negative emotion
- arousal: how much bodily arousal is associated with the emotion
appraisal
to refer to conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event
action tendencies
a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors
James-Lange Theory
emotion occurs in response to physiological changes
Cannon-Bard Theory
- emotional response occur at the same time as the physiological changes
- sometimes, physiological response times a long time to occur
- people can experience the same emotion, but different bodily responses
Schacter and Singer Two Factory Theory
- emotional stimuli elicit arousal and then we interpret the causes of arousal to determine emotion
- epinephrine informed and uninformed groups exposed to happy and anger condition
- bodily response is non-specific
What part of the brain plays a role in emotions?
amygdala
- role in appraisal, emotional, arousal, fear and disgust
emotional expression
an observable sign of emotional state
universality hypothesis
all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times
facial feedback hypothesis
signals from the face provide cues to emotional experience
display rule
a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
- different among different cultures
motivation
the process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior to satisfy physiological or psychological need
instinct theory
the natural tendency to seek a particular goal, our behavior is hard wired
- William James
drive reduction theory
biological needs drive our behavior; derives from the concept of homeostasis
- Clark Hull
hedonic principle
the claim that people are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
emotion regulation
the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience
supression
inhibiting the outward signs of an emotion
reappraisal
changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
the most pressing human needs at the bottom and the least pressing needs at the top
- bottom consists of physiological and safety needs
- top consists of self-actualization
ghrelin
a hormone that is produced in the stomach and appears to be one of the signals that tells the brain to switch hunger on
leptin
a chemical secreted by fat cells, and it is a signal that tells the brain to switch hunger off
lateral hypothalamus
feeding center
- if destroyed, animals refuse to eat
ventromedial hypothalamus
satiety center, turns off eating behavior
- if destroyed, animal will continue to eat
Binge eating disorder (or BED)
an eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of consuming a large number of calories in a short time
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake
Origins of eating disorders
- genetic
- experiential
- psychological
- cultural
obesity
having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater
Evolutionary mismatch
traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment
How our bodies resist weight loss
- When we gain weight, we experience an increase in both the size and the number of fat cells in our bodies. When we lose weight, the size of our fat cells decreases, but the number does not
- Our bodies respond to dieting by decreasing our metabolism
metabolism
the rate at which the body uses energy
dihydroepiandosterone
involved in the initial onset of sexual desire
intrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that lead to reward
conscious motivations
motivations of which people are aware
unconscious motivations
motivations of which people are not aware
need for achievement
the motivation to solve worthwhile problems
approach motivation
the motivation to experience positive outcomes
avoidance motivation
the motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes
- more powerful than approach motivation
Loss aversion
the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains
Terror management theory
a theory that suggests that people respond to knowledge of their own mortality by developing a cultural worldview
general motivations
When actions are easy, we are aware of our most general motivations
specific motivations
when actions are difficult, we are aware of our more specific motivations
theories of motivation
instinct theory, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, expectancy theory, hierarchy of needs
drive
a state of arousal brought about by a need which motivates one to satisfy the need and reduce the tension
arousal theory
we are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal
Yerkes Dodson Law
A U-shaped curve that shows low and high levels of arousal results in low performance
- for complexed tasks, the curve shifts to the left
- for simple tasks, the curve shifts to the right
expectancy theory
our behavior is motivated by expected outcomes
incentives
positive or negative stimuli that motivates our behavior
Cannon and Washburn
studied the role of the stomach
- balloon and stomach contractions
- you don’t need signals from the stomach to brain to tell you that you’re hungry
- signals are in blood
glucose
blood sugar
orexin
released by brain (hypothalamus) to tell your body you’re hungry
CCK
a chemical secreted by the gut, and it is a signal that tells the brain to switch hunger off
externality hypothesis
many people are motivated by external rather than internal cues
Wansink
- If you give people larger portions of food, people will eat more
- popcorn consumption, keep eating when food is in front of you
effect of taste
people will stop eating if food tastes bad
presence of others
people will eat more when around other people
variety of choices
people will eat more when there are more choices
environmental factors: food availability
people who live closer to fast food restaurants than to supermarkets are more likely to eat the fast food
obesity and evolutionary mismatch
human ancestors evolved a strong preference for rare high fat and high sugar kinds of foods
eating disorders
severe disturbances in eating behavior
sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
excitement
increased blood flow to genital region
plateau
increased in arousal, male fully erect penis, increased vaginal lubrication
orgasm
rhythmic genital contractions
resolution
back to pre-aroused state
- men enter refractory period
testosterone
plays a role in sexual arousal in both males and females
continuum
spectrum
sexual orientation
exists on a continuum
brain factors related to homosexuality
hypothalamus, anterior commissure, brain size
- cluster of cells was larger in het. males than homosexual males and het. females
- het men and lesbians have larger left hemisphere of brain
- gay men and het women have bigger anterior commissure
- gay men and get women have smaller anterior nucleus in the hypothalamus
prenatal factors related to homosexuality
stress, uterus
genetic factors related to sexual orientation
identical twins are more similar in sexual orientations
What does not cause homosexuality?
- being raised by gay or straight parents
- domineering mother and weak father
achievement motivation
the desire to accomplish something
over justification
how external rewards diminishes internal motivation
Ekman and Davidson
posed expressions associated with changes in cerebral activation
Strack
comics rated as funnier when pencil held between teeth
Laird
posed expressions associated with changes in emotion
Botox as Therapy
Botox injections lead to reductions in depressions
Ekman and Izard
Research on universal emotions
- happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear
Emotions in infants at birth
disgust, distress, interest
Emotions in infants at 2-4 months
happiness, surprise
Emotions in infants at 7-9 months
fear, sadness, anger
Richard Davidson
asymmetry in response to emotional activation
- fear and disgust produce right frontal activation
- infants’ responses to tastes
sodium amytal studies
- left inactivation - catastrophic reaction
- right inactivation - euphoria or indifference
- believed that positive and negative emotions came from different parts of the brain
emotion and cerebral laterality theory
left anterior: approach related emotions - interest, happiness, anger
right anterior: withdrawal related emotions - fear, disgust
Tomarken, Davidson, Henriques
Frontal asymmetry predicts emotional responsiveness
- left frontal subjects report more positive reactions to positive films
- right frontal subjects report more negative reactions to negative films
- asymmetry predicts infants’ responses to maternal separation
The human face can create more than _____ different configurations
10,000
In comparison to non-obese individuals; individuals who suffer from obesity seem to respond more strongly to
external food cues
When an organism’s weight rises above its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n)
decrease in hunger and an increase in basal metabolic rate.
PYY
hormone in digestive tract that promotes hunger
