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Psych 202 > Chapter 8: Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

emotion

A

a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action

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2
Q

map of emotional experience (dimensions of emotion)

A

mapping of emotions based on valence and arousal
- valence: positive or negative emotion
- arousal: how much bodily arousal is associated with the emotion

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3
Q

appraisal

A

to refer to conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

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4
Q

action tendencies

A

a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors

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5
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

emotion occurs in response to physiological changes

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6
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A
  • emotional response occur at the same time as the physiological changes
  • sometimes, physiological response times a long time to occur
  • people can experience the same emotion, but different bodily responses
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7
Q

Schacter and Singer Two Factory Theory

A
  • emotional stimuli elicit arousal and then we interpret the causes of arousal to determine emotion
  • epinephrine informed and uninformed groups exposed to happy and anger condition
  • bodily response is non-specific
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8
Q

What part of the brain plays a role in emotions?

A

amygdala
- role in appraisal, emotional, arousal, fear and disgust

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9
Q

emotional expression

A

an observable sign of emotional state

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10
Q

universality hypothesis

A

all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times

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11
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

signals from the face provide cues to emotional experience

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12
Q

display rule

A

a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
- different among different cultures

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13
Q

motivation

A

the process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior to satisfy physiological or psychological need

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14
Q

instinct theory

A

the natural tendency to seek a particular goal, our behavior is hard wired
- William James

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15
Q

drive reduction theory

A

biological needs drive our behavior; derives from the concept of homeostasis
- Clark Hull

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16
Q

hedonic principle

A

the claim that people are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

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17
Q

emotion regulation

A

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

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18
Q

supression

A

inhibiting the outward signs of an emotion

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19
Q

reappraisal

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

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20
Q

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

the most pressing human needs at the bottom and the least pressing needs at the top
- bottom consists of physiological and safety needs
- top consists of self-actualization

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21
Q

ghrelin

A

a hormone that is produced in the stomach and appears to be one of the signals that tells the brain to switch hunger on

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22
Q

leptin

A

a chemical secreted by fat cells, and it is a signal that tells the brain to switch hunger off

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23
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

feeding center
- if destroyed, animals refuse to eat

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24
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

satiety center, turns off eating behavior
- if destroyed, animal will continue to eat

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25
Q

Binge eating disorder (or BED)

A

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of consuming a large number of calories in a short time

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26
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior

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27
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake

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28
Q

Origins of eating disorders

A
  • genetic
  • experiential
  • psychological
  • cultural
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29
Q

obesity

A

having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater

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30
Q

Evolutionary mismatch

A

traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment

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31
Q

How our bodies resist weight loss

A
  • When we gain weight, we experience an increase in both the size and the number of fat cells in our bodies. When we lose weight, the size of our fat cells decreases, but the number does not
  • Our bodies respond to dieting by decreasing our metabolism
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32
Q

metabolism

A

the rate at which the body uses energy

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33
Q

dihydroepiandosterone

A

involved in the initial onset of sexual desire

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34
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

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35
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward

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36
Q

conscious motivations

A

motivations of which people are aware

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37
Q

unconscious motivations

A

motivations of which people are not aware

38
Q

need for achievement

A

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems

39
Q

approach motivation

A

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

40
Q

avoidance motivation

A

the motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes
- more powerful than approach motivation

41
Q

Loss aversion

A

the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains

42
Q

Terror management theory

A

a theory that suggests that people respond to knowledge of their own mortality by developing a cultural worldview

43
Q

general motivations

A

When actions are easy, we are aware of our most general motivations

44
Q

specific motivations

A

when actions are difficult, we are aware of our more specific motivations

45
Q

theories of motivation

A

instinct theory, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, expectancy theory, hierarchy of needs

46
Q

drive

A

a state of arousal brought about by a need which motivates one to satisfy the need and reduce the tension

47
Q

arousal theory

A

we are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal

48
Q

Yerkes Dodson Law

A

A U-shaped curve that shows low and high levels of arousal results in low performance
- for complexed tasks, the curve shifts to the left
- for simple tasks, the curve shifts to the right

49
Q

expectancy theory

A

our behavior is motivated by expected outcomes

50
Q

incentives

A

positive or negative stimuli that motivates our behavior

51
Q

Cannon and Washburn

A

studied the role of the stomach
- balloon and stomach contractions
- you don’t need signals from the stomach to brain to tell you that you’re hungry
- signals are in blood

52
Q

glucose

A

blood sugar

53
Q

orexin

A

released by brain (hypothalamus) to tell your body you’re hungry

54
Q

CCK

A

a chemical secreted by the gut, and it is a signal that tells the brain to switch hunger off

55
Q

externality hypothesis

A

many people are motivated by external rather than internal cues

56
Q

Wansink

A
  • If you give people larger portions of food, people will eat more
  • popcorn consumption, keep eating when food is in front of you
57
Q

effect of taste

A

people will stop eating if food tastes bad

58
Q

presence of others

A

people will eat more when around other people

59
Q

variety of choices

A

people will eat more when there are more choices

60
Q

environmental factors: food availability

A

people who live closer to fast food restaurants than to supermarkets are more likely to eat the fast food

61
Q

obesity and evolutionary mismatch

A

human ancestors evolved a strong preference for rare high fat and high sugar kinds of foods

62
Q

eating disorders

A

severe disturbances in eating behavior

63
Q

sexual response cycle

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

64
Q

excitement

A

increased blood flow to genital region

65
Q

plateau

A

increased in arousal, male fully erect penis, increased vaginal lubrication

66
Q

orgasm

A

rhythmic genital contractions

67
Q

resolution

A

back to pre-aroused state
- men enter refractory period

68
Q

testosterone

A

plays a role in sexual arousal in both males and females

69
Q

continuum

A

spectrum

70
Q

sexual orientation

A

exists on a continuum

71
Q

brain factors related to homosexuality

A

hypothalamus, anterior commissure, brain size
- cluster of cells was larger in het. males than homosexual males and het. females
- het men and lesbians have larger left hemisphere of brain
- gay men and het women have bigger anterior commissure
- gay men and get women have smaller anterior nucleus in the hypothalamus

72
Q

prenatal factors related to homosexuality

A

stress, uterus

73
Q

genetic factors related to sexual orientation

A

identical twins are more similar in sexual orientations

74
Q

What does not cause homosexuality?

A
  • being raised by gay or straight parents
  • domineering mother and weak father
75
Q

achievement motivation

A

the desire to accomplish something

76
Q

over justification

A

how external rewards diminishes internal motivation

77
Q

Ekman and Davidson

A

posed expressions associated with changes in cerebral activation

78
Q

Strack

A

comics rated as funnier when pencil held between teeth

79
Q

Laird

A

posed expressions associated with changes in emotion

80
Q

Botox as Therapy

A

Botox injections lead to reductions in depressions

81
Q

Ekman and Izard

A

Research on universal emotions
- happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear

82
Q

Emotions in infants at birth

A

disgust, distress, interest

83
Q

Emotions in infants at 2-4 months

A

happiness, surprise

84
Q

Emotions in infants at 7-9 months

A

fear, sadness, anger

85
Q

Richard Davidson

A

asymmetry in response to emotional activation
- fear and disgust produce right frontal activation
- infants’ responses to tastes

86
Q

sodium amytal studies

A
  • left inactivation - catastrophic reaction
  • right inactivation - euphoria or indifference
  • believed that positive and negative emotions came from different parts of the brain
87
Q

emotion and cerebral laterality theory

A

left anterior: approach related emotions - interest, happiness, anger
right anterior: withdrawal related emotions - fear, disgust

88
Q

Tomarken, Davidson, Henriques

A

Frontal asymmetry predicts emotional responsiveness
- left frontal subjects report more positive reactions to positive films
- right frontal subjects report more negative reactions to negative films
- asymmetry predicts infants’ responses to maternal separation

89
Q

The human face can create more than _____ different configurations

A

10,000

90
Q

In comparison to non-obese individuals; individuals who suffer from obesity seem to respond more strongly to

A

external food cues

91
Q

When an organism’s weight rises above its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n)

A

decrease in hunger and an increase in basal metabolic rate.

92
Q

PYY

A

hormone in digestive tract that promotes hunger

Psych 202 (14 decks)

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