Chapter 9 Joints

Question 1

Joint (articulation)

Answer 1

Any point where two bones meet

Question 2

Arthrology

Answer 2

Science of joint structure, function and dysfunction

Question 3

Kinesiology

Answer 3

The study of musculoskeletal movement

Question 4

Bony joint

Answer 4

An immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and the bones become a single bone

Question 5

Bony joint examples

Answer 5

-left and right mandibular bones in infants
-cranial sutures in elderly
-attachment of first rib sternum with old age

Question 6

Fibrous joint

Answer 6

Adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other

Question 7

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 7

-sutures
-gomphoses
-sydnesmoses

Question 8

Sutures

Answer 8

Immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which shirt collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other

Question 9

Serrate suture

Answer 9

Interlocking wavy lines
-coronal, sagittal, lambdoid sutures

Question 10

Lap (squamous) sutures

Answer 10

Overlapping beveled edges
-temporal and parietal bones

Question 11

Plane (butt) suture

Answer 11

Straight non-overlapping edges
-palatine processes of the maxillae

Question 12

Gomphoses

Answer 12

Fibrous joint
Attachment of a tooth to its socket
-collagen fibers attached tooth to jaw bone
-allows tooth to move a little under the stress of chewing

Question 13

Syndesmosis

Answer 13

Fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers
-mobile ex) membrane joining radius to ulna
-non mobile ex) joint between tibia and fibula

Question 14

Cartilaginous joint or amphiarthrosis

Answer 14

Two bones linked by cartilage

Question 15

Two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 15

Synchondroses
Symphyses

Question 16

Synchondrosis

Answer 16

Bones joined together by hyaline cartilage
Ex) temporary joints in Epiphyseal plates in children, first fib attachment to sternum

Question 17

Symphyses

Answer 17

Two bones joined by fibrocartilage
Ex) pubic symphysis joins right and left pubic bones with interpubic disk

Question 18

Synovial joint or diarthrosis

Answer 18

Joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity

Question 19

Articular cartilage

Answer 19

Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones
-unusually 2-3mm thick

Question 20

Joint cavity

Answer 20

Separates Articular surfaces

Question 21

Synovial fluid

Answer 21

Slippery lubricant in joint cavity
-feels like raw egg whites
-nourishes Articular cartilage and removes waste
-makes movement of synovial joint almost friction free

Question 22

Joint capsule

Answer 22

Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains fluid

Question 23

Outer fibrous capsule

Answer 23

Continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones

Question 24

Inner cellular synovial membrane

Answer 24

Composed mainly of fibroblast like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity

Question 25

What does a Articular disc form?

Answer 25

Forms a pad between articulating bones that crosses the entire joint capsule Ex) temporomandibular joint

Question 26

Meniscus

Answer 26

Moon shaped cartilage in knee -in each knee menisci extend inwards from the left and right

Question 27

What do synovial joints that contains fibrocartilage growing inwards from joint capsule do?

Answer 27

-absorb shock and pressure -guide bones across each other and improve their fit together -stabilize joints

Question 28

Tendon

Answer 28

Strip of collagenous tissue attaching muscle to bone

Question 29

Ligament

Answer 29

Strip of collagenous tissue attaching one bone to another

Question 30

Bursa

Answer 30

Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid -located between muscles, where tendons pass over bone or between bone and skin ^cushions muscles, helps tendons slide more easily over joints

Question 31

Tendon sheath

Answer 31

Elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon -in hand and foot

Question 32

What does exercise do for joints?

Answer 32

-Exercise warms synovial fluid -squeezes fluid and metabolic waste out of cartilage -synovial fluid is more likely to be absorbed by cartilage taking in oxygen and nutrients

Question 33

Range of motion (ROM)

Answer 33

The degrees through which a joint can move

Question 34

Ball and socket joints

Answer 34

-smooth, hemispherical, head fits within cup like socket -only multiracial joints Ex) shoulder, hip

Question 35

Condylar joints

Answer 35

-oval convex surface of one bone fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other -biaxial joints Ex) radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 36

Saddle joints

Answer 36

-both bones have an articular surface that is shaped like a saddle -biaxial joints Ex) sternoclavicular joint

Question 37

Pivot joints

Answer 37

-a bone spins on its longitudinal axis -monoaxial joints Ex) atlantoaxial joint (C1+C2), radio ulnar joint at the elbow

Question 38

Plane joints

Answer 38

-flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other -usually biaxial Ex) between carpal bones of wrist, between tarsal bones of ankle

Question 39

Hinge joints

Answer 39

-one bone with convex surface fits into a concave depression of another bone -monoaxial joints Ex) elbow, knee, toes, joints within fingers

Question 40

Tibiofemoral

Answer 40

Knee joint

Question 41

Patellofemoral

Answer 41

Gliding joint

Question 42

How is the knee stabilized?

Answer 42

-quadriceps tendon in front -tendon of semimembranous muscle on rear on thigh -lateral meniscus and medial meniscus

Question 43

How many bursae’s are in the knee joint

Answer 43

At least 13

Question 44

Temporomandibular joint syndrome

Answer 44

-clicking in jaw -pain from jaw to neck to shoulders and back -can cause headaches, vertigo, ringing in ear Caused by: misalignment of teeth Treatment: aligning teeth, drugs, physical therapy

Question 45

Sprain

Answer 45

Forcible twisting of joint, stretches or tears its ligaments

Question 46

Strain

Answer 46

Stretched or partially torn muscle Less serious then sprain

Question 47

Dislocation

Answer 47

Displacement of bone from joint resulting tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules

Question 48

Subluxation

Answer 48

Incomplete dislocation

Question 49

Bursitis

Answer 49

Inflammation of bursa

Question 50

Bunion

Answer 50

Bursitis+ ossification on toe

Question 51

Adhesions

Answer 51

Fibrous bands between bone surfaces

Question 52

Spurs

Answer 52

Excess bone tissue along joint edges

Question 53

Arthritis

Answer 53

Pain and inflammation or joints

Question 54

Osteoarthritis

Answer 54

Most common form of arthritis -results from years of joint wear - articular cartilage softens and degenerates -cracking sounds (crepitus)

Question 55

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 55

Autoimmune attack against joint tissues -misguided anti bodies attack synovial membrane, -joint ossifies

Question 56

Ankylosis

Answer 56

Solidly fused immobilized joint

Question 57

Arthroplasty

Answer 57

Replacement of diseased joint with artificial device prosthesis

Question 58

Gout

Answer 58

-excessive build up of uric acid in the blood -can be temperature dependent