Chapter 2 The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards
Matter
Anything that has a mass and occupies space
Element
Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Radiation
Bursts of energy that are emitted from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes
Molecules
Specific groupings of atoms that are stable
Chemical reaction
The process of sharing electrons
Chemical bond
The sharing of electrons
Valence shell
Outside shell
Ionic bond
Transferring electrons
Covalent bond
Sharing electrons
Ion
Electrically charged because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons
Cation
Positively charged ion
Anion
Negatively charged ion
Nonpolar covalent bond
When two atoms share the electrons equally
Polar covalent bond
When atoms share electrons unequally
Polar
Hydrophilic
(Water loving)
Non-polar
Hydrophobic
Salts
Substances that dissociate into anions and cations
Acidic
PH <7
Neutral
PH=7
Basic
PH>7
Polymer
Made up of monomers
Carbohydrates
Hydrophilic organic molecules
Disaccharides
Sugars made up of two covalently bonded monosaccharides
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
Lactose
Glucose + galactose
Maltose
Glucose + glucose
Polysaccharides
Long chain of monosaccharides
Glycogen
Energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina
Starch
Energy storage in plants digestible by humans
Cellulose
Structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber
Lipids
Hydrophobic organic molecules with high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
Five primary types of lipids in the human body
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids
Trans-fatty acids
Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposite on each side of the C=C double bond,
Resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body
Cis-fatty acids
Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond
Primary function of triglycerides
Energy storage
Phospholipids
Structural foundation of cell membrane
Eicosanoids
Hormone like chemical signals between cells
-> helps with positive feedback
Steroid
Lipid with 17 carbon atoms in four rings
Cholesterol
The parent steroid from which other steroids are synthesized,
Important for nervous system function and structural integrity of all cell membranes
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
ATP
adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of all living things,
-temporarily stores energy in its bonds and transfers that energy to reactions that need it
DNA
Gene coding, double helix, made up of A-T and C-G
RNA
single nucleotide chain, important for protein synthesis
Dehydration synthesis
Removal of a water molecule to join monomers together to make a polymer
Hydrolysis
Water molecule being added to break monomers apart
Enzymes
Speed up rate of a chemical reaction without changing the reaction