Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > Chapter 11 Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Muscular Tissue Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Locations: combined with connective and nervous tissue in skeletal muscle
Functions: moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Location: heart
Functions: circulates blood, maintains blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Locations: walls of blood vessels, digestive system, respiratory, urinary and reproductive organs
Functions: moves food, urine, reproductive secretions, regulates diameter of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Excitablity

A

Responsiveness to chemical signals, stretch and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conductivity

A

Local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Contractility

A

Shortens when stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Extensibility

A

Capable of being stretched between contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elasticity

A

Returns to its original length after being stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary striated muscle usually attached to bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Striations

A

Altering light and dark transverse bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Voluntary

A

Subject to conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue around muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue around muscle fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sacroplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myofibris

A

Long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glycogen

A

Carbohydrate stored to provide energy for exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Myogoblin

A

Red pigment
Provides some oxygen needed for muscle activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Multiple nuclei

A

Flattened nuclei pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myoblasts

A

Stem cells that fused to form each muscle fiber early in development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Satellite cells

A

Unspecialized myoblasts remaining between muscle fiber and Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where’s mitochondria in muscle fiber

A

Packed into spaces between myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Terminal cisterns

A

Dilated end-sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T tubules

A

Tubular unfolding of the sarcoldmma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Triad

A

a T tubule and two terminal cisterns associated with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Thick filaments

A

Made of several hundred myosin molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Thin filaments

A

Fibrous actin
Tropomyosin molecules
G actin
Troponin molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Elastic filaments

A

Titin
Runs through core of thick filament and anchor it to Z disc and M line
Provides overstretching
Helps position thick filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Purpose of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

-contains pumps moving calcium from sarcoplasm to SR
-calcium is essential and critical for muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Myosin and actin do the work of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin and tropnin
-acts as switch determining when fiber can or cannot contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Dystrophin

A

Important protein
-transfers forces or muscle contraction to tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A Band

A

Dark, anisotropic
-darkest part where thick filaments overlap the thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

H Band

A

Middle of A band
-thick filaments only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

M Line

A

Middle of H band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

I Band

A

Light, isotopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Z disc

A

Provides anchoring for thin filaments and elastic filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sarcomere

A

From Z disc to Z disc

41
Q

Why do muscle cells shorten

A

Because their individual sarcomeres shorten

42
Q

Do thick or thin filaments change length during shortening

A

No, neither do

43
Q

Sliding filaments theory

A
  1. H bands and I bands overlap
  2. Zones overlap and get larger
  3. Z lines approach each other
  4. A band remains constant
44
Q

Describe a muscle

A

-A contractile organ
-attached to bones by tendons
-composed of fascicles of muscle fibers
-supplied with nerves and blood vessels

45
Q

Describe a fascicle

A

-Bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle
-supplied by nerves and blood vessels
-enclosed in fibrous Perimysium

46
Q

Describe a muscle fiber

A

-single muscle cell
-slender elongated thread like
-enclosed in its sarcolemma
-contains myofilements and proteins for contracting muscles

47
Q

Describe a Myofibril

A

-bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell
-surrounded by SR and mitochondria
-fills cytoplasm

48
Q

Describe a Sacromere

A

-One Z disc to the other I. Organized patter
-hundreds of sacromeres make up one myofibril

49
Q

Describe Myofilements

A

Protein strands that carry out the contraction process
Thick: composed mainly on myosin
Thin: composed mainly of actin

50
Q

Motor unit

A

-One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
-dispersed throughout muscle
-produces weak contraction over wide area
-effective contraction requires several motor units at once

51
Q

Small motor units

A

-fine degree of control
- 3-6 muscle fibers per neuron
-eye and hand muscles

52
Q

Large motor units

A

-more strength than control
-powerful contractions supplied by large motor units with hundrends of fibers

53
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

-nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brain stem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles
-each nerve fiber branches out to multiple muscle fibers
-each muscle fiber is supplied by only 1 motor neuron

54
Q

Synapse

A

Point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell

55
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

When target cell is a muscle fiber

56
Q

Axon terminal

A

Swollen end of nerve fiber
-contains acetylcholine

57
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gab between axon terminal and sarcolemma

58
Q

How many NMJ per muscle fiber

A

1

59
Q

What does nerve impulse cause

A

Causes synaptic cleft vesicles to undergo exocytosis releasing ACh into synaptic cleft

60
Q

Basal lamina

A

Thin layer of collagen and glycoprotein separating Schwann cell and muscle cell from surrounding tissue
-contains AChE which breaks down ACh

61
Q

Schwann cell

A

Envelopes and isolates NMJ

62
Q

NMJ consists of

A

1, synaptic terminal of neuron
2, motor end plate
3, synaptic cleft

63
Q

Voltage

A

A difference in electrical charge

64
Q

Resting potential

A

-90mV

65
Q

In a unstimulated cell:

A

-more negative ions inside membrane
-membrane is charged with negative resting potential
-excess sodium ions in ECF
-excess potassium ions in ICF

66
Q

In stimulated cell:

A

-na gates open
-na flows into cell
-positive inside

67
Q

Depolarization

A

Inside plasma membrane becomes positive

68
Q

Repolarization

A

Plasma membrane becomes negative again

69
Q

Impulse

A

Wave of excitation from cells

70
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

A state of continual contraction of the muscles

71
Q

Tetanus

A

Lock jaw
Form of spastic paralysis

72
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Muscles are limp and can’t contract

73
Q

Curare

A

Competes with ACh for receptor sites but does not stimulate muscles

74
Q

Botulism

A

Type of food poisoning blocking release of ACh

75
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Loss of ACh receptors at NMJ

76
Q

Rigor mortis

A

Post mortem ATP production stops and membranes become leaky
-CA2+ leaks out of SR setting muscle contraction cycle in motion
-CA2+ activates myosin actin bridges
-No ATP for bridges
-lysosomes digest bridges
-hardening of muscles and stiffening of body after death

77
Q

Excitation contracting coupling

A

Events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma activation of the myofilements,
Preparing them to contract

78
Q

Contraction

A

Step in which muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

79
Q

Relaxation

A

When stimulus ends, muscle fiber relaxes and returns to resting length

80
Q

Excitation

A

Nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials

81
Q

Activities at the neuromuscular junction

A
  1. Action potential at synaptic terminal causes exocytosis of ACh
    2.ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors causing release of Na+
  2. Sarcolemma generates action potential and AChE inactivates receptors
82
Q

Muscle fiber contraction cycle

A
  1. Arrival of calcium
  2. Calcium binds to troponin
  3. Cross bridge formation
  4. Stored energy in myosin head releases and gos towards M line
  5. Cross bridge detachment
  6. Myosin reactivation
83
Q

Length tension relationship

A

Amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or shortened it was before it was stimulated

84
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in muscle fiber and produce a contraction

85
Q

Twitch

A

Quick cycle of contraction and relaxation when stimulus is at threshold or higher

86
Q

Latent period

A

Brief delay between stimulus and contraction

87
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

-muscle produces internal tension but external resistance
-stays the same length

88
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

Muscle changes in length with no change in tension

89
Q

Immediate energy source

A

-short, intense activities
-myogoblin provides brief supply of oxygen
-phosphagen system utilizes creatine to regenerate ATP providing energy for around 6 seconds of high intensity exercise

90
Q

Short term energy source

A

-muscles switch to anaerobic fermentation
-converts glucose to lactate for ATP production for 30-40 seconds

91
Q

Long term energy source

A

-Relies on aerobic respiration providing ATP
-utilizing glucose and fatty acids

92
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Progressive weakness due to prolonged activity
Impairs muscle function

93
Q

VO2 Max

A

-indicates maximum rate of oxygen consumption during intense exercise
-proportional to body size, peaks at age 20
-declines 15% per decade without active aerobic engagement

94
Q

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption

A

-increased rate of oxygen intake following activity
-essential for recovery

95
Q

Fast twitch fiber (type II)

A

-quick powerful bursts of energy
-thick and strong
-responsible for rapid movements
-rely on anaerobic metabolism

96
Q

Slow twitch fibers (type I)

A

-adapted for endurance activities to resist fatigue
-maintains posture
-high density mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries giving red appearance

97
Q

Intermediate fibers (type IIA)

A

-exhibit both fast and slow twitch fibers
-provides balance for endurance and power
-common in animals more than humans

98
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

-muscle degeneration replaced with fat and scar tissue
-hereditary
-caused by mutation in dystrophin gene

99
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

-antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions

Bio (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions