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Bio > Chapter 3 Cellular Form And Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cellular Form And Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

Basic, living, structural, functional unit of the body

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2
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cell structure

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3
Q

Cell physiology

A

Study of cell function

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4
Q

Squamous shape

A

Thin, flat, scaly

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5
Q

Cuboidal shape

A

Square, cube

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6
Q

Columnar shape

A

Taller than wide

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7
Q

Polygonal shape

A

Irregular

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8
Q

Stellate shape

A

Star-like

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9
Q

Spheroid/ovoid shape

A

Round to oval

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10
Q

Discoidal shape

A

Disk like

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11
Q

Fusiform shape

A

Thick in middle

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12
Q

Fibrous shape

A

Thread like

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13
Q

Plasma membrane/ cell membrane

A

Flexible barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell, the membrane consists of a sea of lipids with proteins afloat

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid that fills inside of cell

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15
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid portion

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16
Q

Organelles

A

Internal cellular structures other than the nucleus

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA or genetic material

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18
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

The fluid within the body cells

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19
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

The fluid outside of body cells

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20
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

ECF filling the narrow spaces between tissues

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21
Q

Plasma

A

ECF in blood vessels

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22
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

-physical barrier
-Regulation of exchange of molecules and ions with the environment
-sensitivity to the environment
-structural support

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23
Q

98% on membrane molecules are:

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

The basic framework of the cell membrane

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25
Q

How do the phospholipids orient themselves within the bilayer?

A

By positioning themselves with the hydrophilic heads directed outwards and the hydrophobic tails directed inwards

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26
Q

Integral proteins

A

Embedded proteins in the plasma membrane that are exposed of ECF and/or ICF on one or both sides

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27
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Integral proteins that pass completely through the phospholipid bilayer

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28
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Proteins loosely attached to either the inside or outside of the plasma membrane

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29
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Integral or peripheral proteins that have chains of sugar molecules attached to them located on the outside surface of the plasma membrane

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30
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate enriched coat formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids around the outside of the cell

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31
Q

Functions of glycocalyx

A

-act as signature sequence that allow cells to recognize one another
-adherence
-protection from digestion
-attracts water molecules

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32
Q

Receptor protein

A

Binds to chemical messengers, change inside the cell happens

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33
Q

Enzymes protein

A

Catalyzes reactions inside or outside of cell

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34
Q

Leakage channel protein

A

Allows polar molecules into cell, constantly open

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35
Q

Gated channel protein

A

Opens and closes

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36
Q

Cell indentity marker protein

A

Distinguishes body’s own cells from foreign cells

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37
Q

Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) protein

A

Fuses to another protein from another cell

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38
Q

Carrier protein

A

Moves substances across the plasma membrane by changing its shape

39
Q

3 factors to open channels

A

-A chemical binding=ligand gated channel
-Electrical difference access= voltage gated channel
-mechanical deformation=mechanically gated channel

40
Q

Selectively permeable

A

The plasma membrane allows some things to move across easily and not other things

41
Q

Three types of membrane transport

A

Diffusion
Carrier mediated transport
Vesicular transport

42
Q

Charge gradient

A

Inner surface of the cell is more negative and the outer surface is more positive

43
Q

Chemical gradient

A

Concentration gradient across the cell membrane

44
Q

Diffusion: shorter distance =

A

Faster diffusion

45
Q

Diffusion: smaller substance=

A

Faster diffusion

46
Q

Diffusion: higher temperature=

A

Faster diffusion

47
Q

Diffusion: larger gradient =

A

Faster diffusion

48
Q

The negative charge inside the membrane tend to favour:

A

The entry of cations

49
Q

Diffusion: greater membrane area=

A

Faster diffusion

50
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Small non polar and hydrophobic molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large non polar molecules can get stuck in the membrane

51
Q

Channel mediated diffusion

A

Each ion channel is specific for a particular ion

52
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement (diffusion) of water through permeable barrier from an area of high concentration of water to a low concentration of water

53
Q

Water moves through cells in two ways:

A

-Aquaporins; special channel proteins
-by slipping through temporary spaces between lipids caused by their movements

54
Q

Tonicity

A

Relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells

55
Q

Isotonic

A

The concentrations of the solutes are the same on both sides of the membrane. Water molecules enter and exit at the same rate and cell stays a normal shape

56
Q

Hypotonic

A

The concentrations of solutes is higher inside the cell and too much water moves into the cell.
Can cause hemolysis

57
Q

Hypertonic

A

The concentrations of the solutes are lower inside the cell and not enough water moves in. Can cause crenation

58
Q

Specificity

A

Each carrier protein binds and transports only certain substances

59
Q

Saturation limits

A

The rate of substance transport is limited by the availability of carrier proteins

60
Q

Regulation

A

The cell can control the activity of carrier proteins

61
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Substances move down their concentration gradient so that no energy is required. Molecule binds to a carrier protein and alters the shape of the protein

62
Q

Active transport

A

Energy requiring process in which carrier proteins move solutes regardless of the concentration gradient

63
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a transport protein

64
Q

The Na+/K+ pump

A

Maintains concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the membrane. 3 Na’s go out as 2 K’s go in through carrier protein.

65
Q

How much of our body’s energy is spent making the sodium potassium pump run

A

40%

66
Q

Secondary active transport

A

As Na+ leaks into the cell other substances can be transported into the same direction or the opposite direction (getting a free ride)

67
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Molecules too large to be moved across membrane by passive or active transport cross in vesicles. Molecules in vesicles get pinched off and go across or through the membrane in the vesicle

68
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of substances out of the cell. Vesicles are brought to the plasma membrane then fuses to the membrane releasing its cargo

69
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of substances into a cell

70
Q

3 types of endocytosis:

A
  1. Phagocytosis- enzymes in the cells lysosomes eat the large particles
  2. Pinocytosis- lysosomes drink the fluid surrounding the cell
  3. Receptor mediated endocytosis- cells take up specific ligands
71
Q

Transcytosis

A

Method by which substances can cross the cell

72
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles

73
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized structures that have characteristic shapes and perform functions in cellular metabolism

74
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments and cylinders. Determines cell shape, supports structure, directs movement. Composed of: microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules

75
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small granules of protein and RNA
found in the nucleoli, Cytosol, outer surfaces of rough ER and nuclear envelope.
Read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins

76
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of channels enclosed by membrane

77
Q

Rough ER

A

Parallel flattened sacs covered with ribosomes.
Produces phospholipids and proteins
Synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles
Often the largest organelle

78
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lack ribosomes
Synthesizes steroids and other lipids
Calcium storage
Detoxifies alcohol and drugs

79
Q

Golgi complex

A

System of cisterns that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis

80
Q

Lysosomes

A

Package of enzymes bound by a membrane
Shape: mostly round
Functions: digestion of substances

81
Q

Autophagy

A

Digestion of cells surplus organelles

82
Q

Autolysis

A

Cell suicide, digestion of a surplus cell by itself

83
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by ER
Functions: produces hydrogen peroxide
Catalase breaks down excess H2O2
neutralize free radicals= detoxify drugs alcohol and other blood toxins

84
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
Powerhouse of the cell

85
Q

Cilia

A

Function to move fluid and material along the cells surface

86
Q

Flagella

A

Generate forward motion (sperm cells only)

87
Q

Nucleus

A

Has its own membrane
Has genes

88
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Membrane surrounding nucleus similar to plasma membrane

89
Q

Genes

A

The cells hereditary units consisting of DNA

90
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs and are diploid

91
Q

How many chromosomes do human reproductive cells have?

A

23 chromosomes and are haploid

92
Q

Stem cells

A

Continuously divide and give rise to more daughter cells

93
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide, enzymes kill the cell

Bio (12 decks)

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