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Anatomy > Chapter 9 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

How long do hormones take to have affect?

True or false: hormones circulate all organs via blood, but affects only specific target cells or target organs.

How do hormones affect target organs/cells?

A

A chemical messenger

Take minutes, hours, months

True

The hormones tell the target organ what to do

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2
Q

What are prostaglandins hormones?

Where do they come from?

A

hormones that act locally

lipids from cell membranes

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3
Q

What are the different types of stimuli to activate endocrine glands? (3)

A

-Hormonal - hormones stimulate organs to make other hormones (most common)
-Humoral - changing levels of ions in the blood stimulate hormone release
-Neural - nerves stimulate hormone release

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4
Q

What is the difference between the structure and function of exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine - exits substances, have ducts (eg. sweat and oil glands).

Endocrine - secrete hormones into blood, ductless

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5
Q

What does “tropic hormone” mean?

A

-Tropic hormones are released by the pituitary to get to organs with endocrine glands (first stop) then they secrete hormones to get to body organs and tissues (second stop)

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6
Q

How does the hypothalamus tell the anterior pituitary gland what to do?

A

It releases inhibiting and release hormones into the blood which drains to the pituitary

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7
Q

What are the hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary? (2)
What do they affect?

What are the hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary? (6)
What do they affect?

A

The hypothalamus stores hormones ADH and Oxytocin in the posterior pituitary
-ADH - kidney reabsorbs water from urine
-Oxytocin - released in sexual relations, childbirth, nursing a baby

Anterior:
Growth hormone - bones and muscles
Prolactin - mammary glands
Follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) - testes and ovaries
Thyrotropic - thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - Adrenal cortex

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8
Q

What is the pineal gland?

What does it do?

A

-gland that hangs from the roof of the brain

-function is a mystery
-melatonin secretes there and is the “sleep trigger” and regulates the “sleep-wake” cycle

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9
Q

Where is the thyroid gland on the body?

What are the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland? (2)

What do they effect?

A

Butterfly on the base of your neck

Thyroid hormone - controls how fast glucose is burned to make ATP
-Thyroid hormone has 2 parts: thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Calcitonin - decrease blood calcium level by causing calcium storage in the bones

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10
Q

What is the role of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands in regulation of blood
calcium levels for homeostasis?

A

High blood calcium:
-Thyroid releases calcitonin
-Calcitonin stores calcium in the bones

Low blood calcium:
-parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone
-Osteoclasts break down the bone calcium and release it into blood

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11
Q

Where is the thymus gland?

What is thymosin?

A

-behind the sternum

-hormone to develop of T lymphocytes (white blood cells) and immune response

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12
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

What are their two components?

What three hormones does the outside component make?

Together the 3 hormones from the cortex are all called ______________

What does the inside component do?

ATCH stimulates which part of the adrenal gland?

A

-triangular hats on the top of the kidneys

-cortex on the outside and medulla on the inside

  1. mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone
  2. glucocorticoids - cortisone and cortisol, resist long term stress
  3. sex hormones - androgens and estrogen

Corticosteroids

Helps short term stress by releasing sympathetic epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline) into bloodstream

Adrenal cortex

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13
Q

What is the anatomy of the pancreas?

What are the two major hormones produced by the pancreas?

What do their hormones effect?

A

-Has pancreatic islets for endocrine hormones scattered amoungst the exocrine enzyme glands for the digestive system.

insullin
glucagon

raise or decrease blood glucose

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14
Q

What are the hormones produced by the male and female gonads?

What do these hormones do?

A

estrogen and progesterone and testosterone

Give us our man and womanly characteristics

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15
Q

What are the endocrine roles of the kidneys, stomach, small intestine, and the heart?

A

kidneys - erethropoietin
Stomach - gastrin and histamine
Small intestine - intestinal gastrin, GIP, CCK, and secretin
Heart - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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16
Q

How does aging impact the endocrine system?

A

less hormones secreted

17
Q

How does the endocrine system work with other body systems to regulate homeostasis?

A

Sends hormones to effect organ and cells all over the body

18
Q

Water-soluble hormones bind to __________.

A

plasma membrane receptors

19
Q

The __________ gland is often referred to as the “master endocrine gland” because it controls the activity of several other endocrine glands.

A

anterior pituitary gland

20
Q

A hormone that works by direct gene activation must be __________.

A second messenger system would be _________ . These hormones stay on the cell __________

A

lipid soluble

amino acid based (protein hormone)
membrane

21
Q

Which component of the endocrine system produces the body’s major metabolic hormone?

A

Thyroid gland

22
Q

Which structure produces the glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone?

A

Adrenal cortex

23
Q

What are mixed glands?

Give two examples.

A

Mixed glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Pancreas/ small intestine/ testes

24
Q

The release of which hormone increases at night and decreases during the day?

A

Melatonin

25
Q

The hormone that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus is __________.

A

oxytocin

26
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

-produce hormones
-have a rich blood supply
-ductless glands

27
Q

The posterior pituitary stores and releases __________.

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

28
Q

Which hormone targets the kidney tubules by stimulating the retention of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ions into the urine?

A

Aldosterone

29
Q

The __________ is located in the anterior neck, just inferior to the voice box.

A

thyroid gland

30
Q

The adrenal glands are located on the superior surface of the __________.

A

kidneys

31
Q

The endocrine system is considered the ______ acting control system, compared to the nervous system which is _______.

A

slow

fast

32
Q

Two of the six anterior pituitary
hormones _________ and _______ exert their major effects on nonendocrine targets that give no _________. They ultimately affect these two parts of the body _______ and _______.

The remaining four _______, ________, _______, and _________ are all tropic hormones, which means they are ____________.

What are their target organs?

A

growth hormone and prolactin

Feedback

Mammary glands and bones and muscles

follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
thyrotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone

Affect organs that will secrete hormones to get to the target organ

33
Q

Both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary release hormones, but the posterior pituitary is not an endocrine gland. What is it?

A

nervous tissue thats a storage and
releasing area for hormones ADH and oxytocin sent to it by the hypothalamus

34
Q

How does the hypothalamus know when to stop secreting release hormone to the anterior pituitary?

A

It receives hormones from the target organ in its bloodstream

35
Q

What are the two kinds of hormones?

What are the two types of ways hormones activate their target cells?

What is the process for each type of entry?

A

Lipid soluble steroids
Amino acid based hormones

Direct gene activation
Second messenger system

Steroids:
-diffuse through membrane
-enters nucleus
-binds to hormone receptor
-receptor binds to DNA
-goes to RNA
-RNA goes to cytoplasm
-new proteins are made for hormone messenger

Amino acids based:
-hormone binds to receptor on membrane
-a cascade activates an enzyme
-enzyme produces second messenger molecules
-second messenger goes to make the changes of hormone

36
Q

True or false: the posterior pituitary gland is technically not a endocrine gland

A

True - it’s just a storage for hypothalamic hormones

37
Q

All anterior pituitary hormones are these 3 things:

A

-proteins
-second messenger systems
-stimulated by hormones

Anatomy (14 decks)

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