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Anatomy > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the
skeletal system

A
  • Provide structure, support, protection, movement
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2
Q
  1. Explain the differences between compact
    bone and spongy bone
A
  • Compact Bone – hard, dense, smooth
  • Spongy bone – lighter, sponge appearance
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3
Q
  1. Name the four main classifications of bone
    according to shape.
A
  • Long
  • Short (cube shaped)
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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4
Q
  1. Name the areas of a long bone
A

Diaphysis - shaft
Epiphyses – ends of bone
Periosteum – external surface of bone
Articular cartilage - cushions joint
Epiphyseal plate - cartilage in children growing bones

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5
Q
  1. Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone
A
  • Osteon (Haversian) system – entire circles running down the bone shaft (wooden rings, central canal, and blood vessels/nerves)
  • Lamellae – outer wooden rings like a tree
  • Interstitial Lamellae – Spaces in between the circles (bone matrix)
  • Lacunae - depressions containing osteocytes (bone maintanence cell) look like bugs
  • Central canal - centre hole where the blood vessels and nerves run though
    Canaliculus - tunnels going from central canals to osteocytes
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6
Q
  1. Identify the names and shapes of significant bone markings.
A
  • Bone markings – landmarks where muscles/ blood vessels/ nerves are

o Projections – stick out (T terms)
o Depressions – indentations (F Terms)

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7
Q
  1. Describe the cells involved in bone formation, growth, and remodeling
A
  • Osteoblasts build new bone.
  • Osteoclasts break down bone
  • Epiphyseal Plates – allow growth and leave the epiphyseal line behind on the bone
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8
Q
  1. Describe the significance of epiphyseal plates in bone growth
A
  • Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) – cartilage that will eventually turn into bone at the ends in childhood
    o leaves behind the epiphyseal line
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9
Q
  1. Explain how appositional growth causes the bone to become thicker and stronger.
A
  • Bones increase in diameter to become wider as well as longer when growing
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10
Q
  1. Describe the homeostatic regulation of blood calcium, including identifying the
    receptor, control centre, and effector, and apply this knowledge
A
  • Receptor: detect the calcium level in blood.
  • Control Center: parathyroid glands (in the thyroid gland).
  • Effector: When calcium levels are too low, they release a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) to correct it. If blood calcium is too high, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, and levels fall.
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11
Q
  1. Describe how calcitonin and parathyroid hormone maintain the homeostatic balance of blood calcium level, and apply this knowledge
A
  • When calcium levels are low, PTH raises them by taking calcium from the bones and helping the body absorb more from food.
  • When calcium levels are high, calcitonin lowers them by storing more calcium in the bones and reducing the amount of calcium absorbed.
  • Together, PTH and calcitonin work like a balancing system to keep blood calcium levels within a healthy range.
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12
Q
  1. Distinguish between the axial and
    appendicular skeletons.
A
  • Axial skeleton along the longitudinal axis of the body
    o It has 3 parts: skull, vertebral column, thoractic cage
    o Green colored on diagram
  • Appendicular skeleton – bones of the limbs
    o Shaded gold on diagram
    o Include the pelvic girdle bones (hips) and pectoral girdle bones (shoulders and traps)
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13
Q
  1. Identify and describe the major bones of the skull (8)
A
  • Frontal bone – forehead/ upper eye
  • Parietal bone – top and back/ sides of head
  • Occipital bone – base (connects spinal cord to brain)
  • Temporal bone – ears
  • Nasal – nose bridge
  • Zygomatic - cheekbone
  • Maxilla – upper jaw
  • Mandible – lower jaw
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14
Q
  1. Describe the function and location of the hyoid bone.
A
  • In the neck, no joint with other bones
  • It is a moveable base for the tongue and attachment for neck muscles
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15
Q
  1. Describe the vertebral column and how many vertebrates do we have?
A
  • The spine supports your weight, protects the spinal cord,
  • It has 24 vertebrae total:
    o Cervical vertebrae (7 vertebrae): Located in the neck.
    o Thoracic vertebrae (12 vertebrae): Located in the upper and mid-back.
    o Lumbar vertebrae (5 vertebrae): Located in the lower back.
    2 Sacrum and coccyx fuse together at the bottom of the spine
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16
Q
  1. Describe the location, parts, and function of the thoracic cage
A
  • The ribcage – made up of bones and cartilage
  • Organs inside being protected are heart, lungs, major blood vessels
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17
Q
  1. Describe the location and parts of the sternum
A
  • Sternum (breastbone) is a flat bone attached to the ribcage (thoracic cage) that fuses 3 bones:
    o Manubrium
    o Body
    o Xiphoid process
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18
Q
  1. Identify and describe the bones of the shoulder girdle and describe its function
A
  • Clavicle – two collarbones, stabilizes the shoulder by bracing the arm at your side
  • Scapula - shoulder blades at back (our “wings), allows movement of arm in many directions
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19
Q
  1. Identify and describe the bones of the upper limb
A
  • Arm – humerus bone (upper arm), radius and ulna (lower arm)
  • Hand – Carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers)
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20
Q
  1. Identify and describe the bones of the pelvic girdle and explain its function
A
  • 2 Coxal bones (two hip bones) – ilium, pubis, ischium
  • Sacrum – connects coxal to spine
21
Q
  1. Describe the three major parts of a coxal
    bone
A
  • Ilium – large flaring bone that is most of the hip
  • Ischium – sit down bone at the bottom back of the hip
  • Pubis – anterior section of hip
22
Q
  1. Identify and describe the bones of the lower limb.
A
  • Thigh – femur bone is the longest, strongest, and heaviest in the body
  • Leg - the shin part with two bones: fibula and tibia
  • Foot – tarsals (back of foot), metatarsals (medium foot), and phalanges (toes)
23
Q
  1. Describe each type of joint movement
A
  • Fibrous (synarthroses) – immovable, fibrous sutures in the skull, interlocked tightly
  • Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses)– limited movement, can be epiphyseal in long bones or vertebrae on spine
  • Synovial (diarthroses) – freely movable, joints of the limbs, contain synovial fluid
24
Q

What happens to bone from childhood to adulthood? And what is osteoporosis?

A

Birth to Adulthood:
* Childhood to adulthood is the most dramatic changes
* Long bones are formed from cartilage, Flat bones in skull come from fibrous membranes (fontanels)
* Heads are huge compared to body and grow rapidly because of the brain
Older Adults:
* Bones should be physically stressed to remain healthy
* Osteoporosis is a bone thinning disease that affects older women giving them bone fractures easily
* Weight bearing joints also degenerate, with old people saying “my joints are getting stiff”

25
Q

What is ossification, osteoblasts. Osteoclasts and osteocytes?

A

Ossification - bone growth
Osteoblasts - builder of bone
Osteoclasts - break down bone
Osteocytes - bone maintanence (mature osteoblasts)

26
Q

True or false: bones are lifeless dry structures that don’t change once long bone growth is complete

A

False: bones are dynamic and active tissue with a blood supply

27
Q

What is the Sagittal suture, the lambdoid suture and the coronal suture?

A

Coronal suture - separating frontal and parietal bones

Sagittal suture - at top of head separating two parietal bones

Lambdoid suture - separating parietal and occipital bone

28
Q

What is a tendon and what is a ligament?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone with connective tissue

Ligaments attach bone to bone with connective tissue

29
Q

Which 2 minerals are stored in bone matrix?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

30
Q

There must always be a ready supply of blood calcium to do what 3 things?

A
  1. Conduct nerves
  2. Contract muscles
  3. Blood clot
31
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

32
Q

Where and what does red and yellow bone marrow do?

A

Red marrow: becomes red blood cells
Yellow marrow: stores fat

Both are found in the centre of bone: the medullary cavity

33
Q

In embryos and young children, what kind of cartilage do they have?

A

Hyaline cartilage

34
Q

In embryos and young children, what kind of cartilage do they have?

A

Hyaline cartilage

35
Q

In embryos and young children, what kind of cartilage do they have?

A

Hyaline cartilage

36
Q

Bones are continuously remodeled based on these 3 things:

A
  1. Blood Calcium level
  2. Gravity
  3. Exercise
37
Q

The Thyroid gland activates calcitonin when calcium levels are heightened, and they get _______ to deposit calcium in the bone

The parathyroid gland hormone activates when blood calcium levels are low and they get __________ to take calcium out of bone

A

Calcitonin - osteoblasts

PTH - osteoclasts

38
Q

What attaches the first 7 pairs of ribs?

A

Costal (hyaline) cartilage

39
Q

What are the true and false ribs?

A

1-7 true ribs attached by cartilage
8-12 false ribs
11-12 floating ribs

40
Q

In the anatomical position, the radius is the _______ bone (medial or lateral)

A

Lateral

41
Q

Is physical stress good for bones?

A

Yes bones should be pulled by muscles and gravity to remain strong or else they become thin and fragile

42
Q

What are the two functions of joints?

A
  1. Hold the bones together
  2. Allow the skeleton to move
43
Q

Where are most synovial joints found, limited movement, and most immovable joints found?

A

On the axial skeleton is where immovable and limited joints are found for protection of organs

On the appendicular skeleton is where the synovial freely moving joints are found

44
Q

What is the true and false pelvis? And what is the difference between a female and male pelvis?

A

False pelvis - length of one ilium flare
True pelvis - hole in pelvis that baby goes through

Male pelvis - pubic arch less than 90 degrees, heavier
Female pelvis - lighter, larger flare, pubic arch more than 90 degrees

45
Q

What are the only joints in the skull that are freely movable?

A

Jaw - temporomandibular joints

46
Q

Which skull bones are the keystone of the face?

A

Maxillae because all facial bones except mandible connect to it

47
Q

What are the 5 main regions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervival
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx

48
Q

What make up the primary curvature and secondary curvatures of the spine?

A

Primary curvature - was there when we were born with a C shape spine, the thoracic and sacral region of spine

Secondary curvature - cervical and lumbar region developed later. They centre our weight in the lower limbs.

Anatomy (12 decks)

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