Chapter 1 Flashcards
- Define anatomy and physiology and
explain how they are related.
- Anatomy = structure
- Physiology = function
Structure determines function
- Identify the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain their interrelationship
Structural ladder:
* Chemical (atoms and molecules) > cells (smallest unit of living things > tissue (groups of cells with a common function, like muscles) > organs (heart, lungs, etc) > organ system (the heart and circulatory system) > organism (the sum total of all structures to make up a living thing, like a human, cat, dog, etc.)
- Name the organ systems of the body and
describe their functions (11 total)
o Integumentary system - External covering such as skin, hair and nails
o Skeletal System - Provides the framework and has a protective function such as the skull protecting the brain
o Muscular system - Muscles have one job: to shorten and contract. When this happens movement occurs.
o Nervous system - Fast acting control system. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors all make up the nervous system. The body must respond quickly to stimuli outside and inside the human body. The sensory receptors connect to the central nervous system so that it is constantly informed what is going on
o Endocrine system - Releases hormones slowly. The hormones regulate other structures
o Cardiovascular system - Heart and bloodvessels. Using blood as a carrier the cardiovascular system carries in the blood nutrients, oxygen, hormones etc. and picks up waste as it leaves such as carbon dioxide
o Lymphatic system - Compliments the cardiovascular system by returning fluid to the bloodstream from tissue ensuring there is enough to circulate the body
o Respiratory system - Keeps the bodys oxygen supply. Removes carbon dioxide
o Digestive system - A giant tube running from mouth to anus. Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to the blood. Absorb nutrients and reabsorb water
o Urinary system - Production of waste which get disposed of
example: nitrogen leaves the body through urine
o Reproductive system - The role of the reproductive system is to produce offspring
Organ systems do not work in isolation
- List and describe eight functions that
humans must perform to maintain life
Maintain Boundaries - membraines/cell walls seperate outside/ insides and let in needed substances
Movement - walking, running, etc.
Responsivness (irritability) - sense changes in the environment and respond to them
Digestion - Breaking down food into simple molecules
Excretion - removing waste from the body
Metabolism - all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Reproduction - production of offspring of cells
Growth - increase number of cells
- List and describe the five survival needs of
the human body
-Nutrients
-Oxygen
-Water
-Body temperature
-Atmospheric Pressure
- Describe the anatomical position.
Body is erect
Feet parallel
Arms hanging
Palms facing forward
- Use proper anatomical terminology to
describe directional terms, regions of the
body, and body planes.
Superior - Toward the head end or upper part
of a structure or the body
Inferior - Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the
body;
Anterior (ventral) - Toward or at the front of the body;
Posterior (dorsal) - Toward or at the backside of the body;
Medial - Toward or at the midline of the body;
Lateral - Away from the midline of the body;
The arms are lateral to the chest.
Intermediate - Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and
the shoulder.
Proximal (Going Up)- Close to the origin of the body part
or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. The elbow is proximal to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is).
Distal (Going Down)- Farther from the origin of a body
part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk. The knee is distal to the thigh.
Superficial (external) - Toward or at the body surface. The skin is superficial to the skeleton.
Deep (internal) - Away from the body surface; more internal. The lungs are deep to the rib
cage
Planes:
*Median(midsagittal) – separates right and left side of body
*Frontal – separates front and back of the body
*Transverse – separates bottom and top of body
- Identify the major body cavities and
describe their locations. (2)
Dorsal Cavity:
1. Cranial - brain cavity
2. Spinal - back
Ventral Cavity:
1.Thoractic Cavity - everything in the rib cage
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity - abominals like your liver, stomach, intestines, etc.
3. Pelvic Cavity - reproductive organs, bladder
- Name the major organs located in each of
the body cavities
Dorsal Cavity:
1. Cranial - brain cavity
2. Spinal - back, spinal cord
Ventral Cavity:
1.Thoractic Cavity - everything in the rib cage, heart, lungs, esphagus, etc.
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity - abominals like your liver, stomach, intestines, etc.
3. Pelvic Cavity - reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
- Identify how the abdominopelvic cavity
can be subdivided into four quadrants and/or nine regions.
The four quadrants are:
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
The nine regions are:
Right Hypochondriac Region (upper right)
Epigastric Region (upper middle, stomach)
Left Hypochondriac Region (upper left)
Right Lumbar Region (middle right)
Umbilical Region (center, around the navel)
Left Lumbar Region (middle left)
Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region (lower right)
Hypogastric (Pubic) Region (lower middle)
Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region (lower left)
- Define homeostasis and explain its
importance to survival.
the body in a stable, balanced, equilibrium condition despite the changing world around it. This balance ensures that conditions remain within a narrow, optimal range.
- Describe the difference between negative
and positive feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback - is used to shut down or lower stimuli
Positive feedback - rare in the
body because they tend to increase the original stimulus and to push the variable farther such as blood clotting or giving birth.
Identify and describe the components of a
homeostatic mechanism, and explain how
they interact to maintain homeostasis
- In the body is the receptor , control centre, and effector
o The receptors respond to stimuli
o The control centre decides what to do
o The effector provides the response
Differentiate between an acid and a base
pH 7 is neutral (e.g., pure water),
pH below 7 is acidic, sour, corrode metals, lemon juice
pH above 7 is basic, bitter, slippery, soap
Explain the concept of pH and state the
pH of blood
The pH scale measures hydrogen ions in body fluids
∘ One pH unit represents a tenfold change in
hydrogen ions
∘ pH 7 is neutral; the concentrations of hydrogen
and hydroxide ions are equal
∘ A pH below 7 is acidic; a pH above 7 is alkaline
(basic)
* Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
