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Anatomy > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Define the three specific functions of the nervous system.
A
  1. Sensory input -monitor changes in stimuli (sensory receptors)
  2. Integration - Decides what should be do with it (brain and spinal cord)
  3. Motor output - response (activating muscles or glands)
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2
Q

Describe the organization of the nervous system, including the structural and functional classifications.

A

sensory organs > sensory afferent pathway > Peripheral Nervous system > Central nervous sysem (brain and spinal cord) > peripheral nercous system > motor efferent pathway > Somatic (voluntary) muscles or Autonomic organs (smooth or cardiac muscles, glands) > sympathetic or parasympathetic division

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3
Q

What are the different types of neuroglia cells in the CNS and PNS? (6)

A

Neuroglia - supportive nerve glue protecting neurons

Astrocytes - feed and protect neurons, most abundant

Microglial - defend CNS cells, monitor neuron health

Ependymal - line the brain and spine to make a protective watery cushion with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Oligodendrocytes - produce fatty myolin sheath coverings around nerve fibres

Peripheral Nervous System:

Satellite - act as protective, cushioning cells for peripheral neuron cell bodies similar to ependymal cells

Schwann cells - form the myelin
sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS similar to oligodendrocytes

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4
Q
  1. Describe the general structure of a neuron and identify its important anatomical regions.
A

Cell body - center of the neuron, has all the usual organelles except centrioles

processes - armlike fibers with dendrites (incoming messages) and axons (away messages), vary in length

Myelin Sheaths - waxy covering of nerve fibers that increases speed and protects it

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5
Q

Describe the composition of gray matter
and white matter.

A

Gray matter - do not have mylin sheaths, outside brain inside spine, depolarizer action potential

White matter - have mylin sheaths, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, myelin gives white matter it’s colour, inside brain outside spine, faster impulses that jump

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6
Q

What are the different types of functions of neurons?

A

Function:

Sensory (afferent) neurons - PNS neurons going inside the CNS. They inform us what is going on inside and outside the body.

Motor (efferent) neurons - CNS neurons carrying impulses outside toward the PNS to the muscles/glands/organs etc.

Interneurons (associations) - connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways (CNS)

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7
Q
  1. Describe the electrical conditions of a resting neuron’s membrane, and explain how they are maintained.
A

-A resting neuron is polorized (there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face
of the neuron’s plasma membrane than there are on its outer face)
-The major positive ions inside the cell are potassium (K+), whereas
the major positive ions outside the cell are sodium (Na+)
-The polarized membrane is more permeable to K+(potassium) than to Na+(sodium) at rest, maintaining a more negative inside (fewer positive ions) compared to outside, as K+ ions exit the cell. This maintains the inactive, resting state of the neuron.

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8
Q
  1. Explain how a nerve impulse is generated and propagated along a neuron
A

The permeability of the cells membrane change

  1. resting membrane is polorized - more positively charged sodium is outside while positively charge potassium is on the inside
  2. stimulus initiates local depolarization - strong stimulus goes onto a patch of the membrane and sodium goes into the cell making the inside more positive then outside
  3. depolorization and generation of an action potential- the membrane turns positive causing the action potential moves along the fibre
  4. propagation of the action potential - move along the membrane like dominoes
  5. repolariztion - potassium ions leave the cell as membrane permeability changes again restoring the more negative charge on the inside and positive on the outside
  6. initial ionic conditions restored
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9
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches an axon terminal? (5)

A
  1. Calcium comes in
  2. neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft
  3. Neurotransmitter cross the synaptic cleft
  4. a new action potential is made in the receiving neuron (depolarization)
  5. Neurotransmitter is quickly removed from the cleft
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10
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A

Cerebral Hemispheres - thinking and sensing

Diencephalon - relay information (thalamus) and control body functions: temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.

Cerebellum - balance and posture

Brain stem - keeps you alive - breathing, heart rate, etc. Connects brain to spinal cord

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11
Q
  1. Identify the three meninges and describe their functions.
A

meninges - connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures (brain and spinal cord)

  1. Dura Matar - durable outter layer
  2. Arachnoid mater - middle cobweb layer
    3.Pia mater - soft inner layer
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12
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

a watery broth cushion protecting the brain and spinal cord.

It helps it float against the pressure of its own weight

Constantly moving

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13
Q
  1. Describe the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier.
A

A semi permeable membrane with tight junctions protecting the brain from harmful substances.

Only water, glucose, and essential amino acids pass through to the brain.

Astrocytes help strengthen the barrier.

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14
Q

What is the spinal cord and spinal nerves.

A

spinal cord - nerve highway connects brain to body. Extends from foramen magnum to L1 or L2

Spinal nerves - Connected to the spinal cord with 31 pairs of dorsal and ventral roots

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15
Q

Which neuroglia are most abundant in the body?

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Which neuroglia produce the insulating material called myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system

Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

Why is a brain tumour more likely to form in neuroglia than neurons?

A

Neurons do not divide, neuroglia do

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18
Q

What is the parasympathetic and sympathetic division from the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic - rest and digest (brain and sacral spinal region)

Sympathetic- fight or flight (thoracic and lumbar spinal region)

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19
Q

Where is the CNS located and where is the PNS located?

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - outter body

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20
Q

The nervous system is known as the master _________ and ________ system of the body

A

Control and communication

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21
Q

The nervous system communicates with body cells using ____________

A

Electrical impulses

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22
Q

The sensory and motor fibers are part of the ___________ nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

Glial cells or glia is another name for _________ cells

A

Neuroglia

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24
Q

Which neuroglia form myelin sheaths in the CNS and the PNS?

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes

PNS - Schwann cells

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25
Q

A nerve cell may have hundreds of _________ but only one _____________

However, at its end there are hundreds of _________

A

Hundreds of branching dendrites but only one axon

Axon terminals

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26
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier

A

The gaps in between the Schwann cells forming a myelin sheath

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27
Q

What are bundles of nerve fibers (processes) called running through the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS - tracts

PNS - nerves

Think of nerves running along the train tracts (bundle of nerve fibres)
Ganglion and nuclius are cell body’s

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28
Q

What are interneurons (association neurons)?

A

Where sensory neuron’s and motor neuron’s meet in the spinal cord or brain (CNS)

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29
Q

How does a ganglion differ from a nucleus?

A

Ganglion - cell bodies in PNS
Nuclei- cell bodies in CNS

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30
Q

Which part of a neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body in multipolar and bipolar neurons?

Which part releases neurotransmitters?

A

Dendrites conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body

Axon terminal release’s neurotransmitters

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31
Q

The __________ produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Choroid plexuses

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32
Q

The corpus callosum connects the __________

A

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

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33
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight response increases heart rate, dilate oxygen tract and pupils, etc.

Parasympathetic - rest, dominates under normal circumstances

34
Q

The cell bodies of sensory neurons whose fibers enter the spinal cord are found in the ____________

A

Dorsal root ganglion

35
Q

Together with the brain stem, the ___________ oversees all subconscious, autonomic functions

A

Diencephalon

36
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Major relay station for ascending sensory information

37
Q

___________ reflexes regulate skeletal muscle

A: autonomic or somatic

A

Somatic

38
Q

Damage to which cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste?

A

Facial and glossopharyngeal

39
Q

What are tracts and nuclei and where are they located

What are ganglia and nerves and where are they located?

A

Tracts - CNS bundles of nerve fibres
Nuclei - CNS clusters of neuron cell bodies

Nerves - PNS bundles of nerve fibres
Ganglia - PNS clusters of neuron cell bodies

40
Q

The cerebellum aids in maintenance of _____________

A

Balance and posture

41
Q

The three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting CNS structures are collectively known as the ____________. The ____________ is the outermost leathery layer.

A

Meninges, dura mater

42
Q

The deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum is called the _____________

A

Longitudinal fissure

43
Q

All motor and association neurons are _____________

A

Multipolar

44
Q

What is a reflex ? What is a somatic reflex and an autonomic reflex?

A

Reflex - a preprogrammed response to a stimulus

Reflexes don’t need higher thinking

They can be somatic (pulling your hand away from a hot object) - fast action muscles

or autonomic (making saliva or dilating pupils) - internal organs moving automatically (don’t have to think about it)

45
Q

What are the 5 elements of a reflex arc?
3 neuron reflex arc?
2 neuron reflex arc?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron (afferent)
  3. Integration centre (interneuron cell)
  4. Motor neuron (efferent pathway)
  5. Effector organ

Sensory (afferent) neuron > interneuron > motor (efferent) neuron

Sensory (afferent) neuron > motor (efferent) neuron

Reflexes don’t need higher thinking

46
Q

What is the difference between a graded potential and an action potential?

A

Graded potential - small, vary in size, fades as it spreads

Action potential - big, all or nothing, continuously regenerated along the length of an axon and does not die out

Graded potentials are like a flicker of light, while action potentials are like a full on switch being turned on

47
Q

What is Saltatory conduction?

A

Jumping down the nerves myelin sheaths at the nodes of ranvier

48
Q

What are the different structures of neurons? (3)

A

multipolar neuron - multiple processes/ dendrites extending from the cell body (most motor and association neurons are multipolar)

bipolar neurons - two processes -one axon and one dendrite extending from cell body, only special sense organs like eyes and nose have them as receptors

unipolar neurons - single process - single axon with a head sticking out the middle, sensory neurons found in PNS ganglia, one way street

49
Q

True or false: electrical impulses always travel from dendrite to axon terminal

A

True

50
Q

Where do motor impulses cross over in the brain stem from one side of body to opposite side of brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

51
Q

What are the ridges of the brain called?

A

Outside bumps - gyrus
Shallow grooves - sulcus
Deepest ridge - fissure

52
Q

What is the difference between your primary motor area (red) and primary somatic sensory area of the brain (blue)?

A

Primary Motor area (red) - muscle impulses control centre, impulses go down (like making your eye wink)

Primary somatic Sensory area (blue) - receive sensation on skin, impulses come up (like sun or breeze)

53
Q

What is the deepest fissure called that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

54
Q

Which cerebral areas are involved with the 5 senses?

A

Sight - occipital lobe (back)

Touch - parietal (top)

Sound - temporal (side)
Smell - temporal (side)
Taste - temporal (side)

55
Q

What is the Broca’s area of the brain?

What is the wernicki area in the brain?

A

Broca’s area - Helps you talk (talking)

Wernicki area - helps you understand speech (listening)

56
Q

What is the large fibre tract called that connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

57
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

Islands of Gray matter in the cerebrum that helps control movement making them smooth and controlled

Example: when reaching for a cup, it makes sure your hand doesn’t shake or move in ways you don’t want it to

58
Q

What is the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

A

Thalamus - relay station
Hypothalamus - regulates hunger, body temperature,
Epithalamus -emotions and sleep

59
Q

What are the 4 structures of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Reticular formation

60
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

Filter for sensory information, filters out background noise

61
Q

What are the 4 lobes of your cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

62
Q

Which brain region controls such vital activities as breathing and blood pressure ?

A

The brain stem

63
Q

In what major brain area is the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland found?

A

Diencephalon

64
Q

What are the three protections of the CNS besides bone?

A

Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier

65
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid made?

Where is it drained to the blood?

A

It is made in choroid plexuses in brain ventricles

It is returned to the blood in arachnoid granulations

66
Q

True or false: meninges protect and extend beyond the spinal cord

A

True

67
Q

What is the cauda equina?

What is the cervical and lumbar enlargement?

A

Horses tail of nerves at the end of spinal cord

The points where the nerves serving the limbs connect to the spinal cord

68
Q

What is in the central canal of the the spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

69
Q

Damage to the ventral nerve would mean

A

Flaccid paralysis - no nerve impulses would reach the muscles

70
Q

In the spinal cord, All tracts in the dorsal column are _________ sensory tracts, but lateral and ventral columns have ____________ motor tracts

A

Ascending sensory tracts being carried to the brain

Ascending and descending motor tracts

71
Q

What is found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

The unmylinated parts of a nerve - nerve cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons

72
Q

What is important about the medulla oblongata?

A

It is where the left and right body-brain crossover happens

It regulates vitals - breathing, heart rate, blood pressure etc.

73
Q

What is a neurilemma

A

The outside of a Schwann cells myelin sheath, helps regenerate nerve fibres (something that cannot be done in the CNS)

74
Q

How does a tract differ from a nerve?
How does a ganglion differ from a nucleus?

A

Tract is a bunch of fibres in CNS, nerve is a bunch of fibres in PNS

Nucleus is cell bodies in CNS, ganglion is cell body’s in PNS

75
Q

True or false: myelinated axons move faster

A

True

76
Q

What is the anterior association area involved in?

What is the posterior association area involved in?

A

Anterior association area- higher intellectual reasoning, social skills

Posterior association area- patterns, faces, the big picture

77
Q

In which part of the brain are vitals controlled like heart rate, breathing, swallowing, blood pressure etc?

A

The medulla oblongata in the brain stem

78
Q

Where can the choroid plexuses be found and what do they do?

A

They are found in the brains ventricles making cerebrospinal fluid from blood

79
Q

The protective ______________ has the least permeable capillaries to protect this sensitive organ from its environment

But it is useless against _____________

A

Blood brain barrier

Fats and respiratory gasses (alcohol and nicotine)

80
Q

What is the name given to the cerebral spinal fluid filled cavities within the brain?

A

Ventricles

Anatomy (14 decks)

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