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Anatomy > Chapter 13 Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

In the trachea, what removes dust, microbes, and debris?

What direction do they move these things?

A

Ciliated mucosa

Up and away from lungs and into stomach

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2
Q

When inspiration occurs, the external intercostals and diaphragm will contract and (increase/decrease) __________ the volume and (increase/decrease)___________ the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

The diaphragm contracts ___________ (superiorly/inferiorly) and the thoracic cavity moves __________ (superior/inferiorly)

A

Thoracic volume increases
Pressure decreases

Diaphragm- inferiorly
Thoracic cavity -superiorly

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3
Q

The hard and soft partition that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below is called the ____________

A

Palate

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4
Q

What happens to lungs in expiration?

A

-volume decreases
-pressure rises
-Air moves out of lungs

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5
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Lung exchange - Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary blood

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6
Q

Place these in order from deep to superficial:
-lung
-pleural cavity (space)
-visceral (pulmonary) pleural
-parietal pleura

A

-lung
-visceral (pulmonary) pleural
-pleural cavity (space)
-parietal pleura

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7
Q

What is the respiratory membrane made of? (4)

What exchange is happening across this membrane?

A

-Alveoli wall (epithelial)
-two fused basement membranes
- capillary wall (endothelial)

  • capillary blood gives carbon dioxide
    -alveoli gives oxygen
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8
Q

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ___________

A

Bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma

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9
Q

In the control of respiration, nerve impulses move from where to where?

A

The medulla oblongata to the diaphragm

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10
Q

The trachea is rigid because it is made of ________________

A

C-shaped rings of Hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

The flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing is the _____________

A

Epiglottis

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12
Q

What muscular passageway serves as a common passageway for food and air?

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

What receives air directly from the trachea during inspiration?

A

Bronchi

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14
Q

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

What is a normal quiet breathing rate called?

A

Eupnea

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16
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles? (2)

A

External intercostals (between ribs)
Diaphragm

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17
Q
  1. Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway from nasal cavity to alveoli, and describe their structure and function
A

nasal cavity > pharynx (throat)> larynx (voice box) > trachea (windpipe) > right and left primary bronchi (splits into each lung) > Bronchioles (branches of lung) > alveoli (thin air sacs)

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18
Q

What are the lobes of the right and left lungs?

The lobes are made by deep __________

A

-left lung has 2 lobes,
-right lung has 3 lobes

Fissures

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19
Q

What does the respiratory membrane look like on alveoli?

What does it do?

A

-a cobweb of capillaries on alveoli

-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing through the membrane

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20
Q

What are the four events of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation - breathing
  2. External respiration - exchange in lungs
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration - exchange in body
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21
Q

What is inspiration?
Is pressure higher outside or inside?

What is expiration?
Is pressure higher outside or inside?

What is the pressure of the pleural space (intraplural pressure)?

A

Inspiration is inhaling
-high pressure outside flows in

Expiration is exhaling
-high pressure inside flows out

its always more negative than inside the lungs

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22
Q

What substances is blood exchanging in the lungs?

What substances is blood exchanging in the body tissues?

A

Blood delivers carbon dioxide to the lungs as it picks up oxygen.

In the systemic circuit, blood delivers oxygen to body tissues and picks up carbon dioxide

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23
Q

How is oxygen transported in blood?

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood? (2)

How does this help homeostasis?

A

Oxygen - mostly RBSs (oxyhemoglobin), some plasma

Carbon dioxide - mostly plasma (bicarbonate ion), some RBCs

  • supports cellular energy production.
    -Removing carbon dioxide from building up to dangerous levels
    -keeps the blood pH stable.
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24
Q

What is the brains control centres for respiration? (2)

What are the nerves conrolling respiratory muscles, (diaphragm and external intercostals)? (2)

A

Brain:
1. medulla oblongatta
2. pons

Nerves:
1. phrenic nerves
2. intercostal nerves

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25
Q

What are the medulla oblongata respiratory centers? (2)

What is the pons respiratory centre? (1)

A

-ventral respiratory group
-dorsal respiratory group:

Pons - modify timing between inhalation
and exhalation during activities such as singing, sleeping or exercising.

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26
Q
  1. Name some physical factors that influence breathing rate.
A

-volition (concious control) - holding breath when swimming
-emotional factors - holding breath when scared
-chemical factors - oxygen/carbondioxide
-talking
-coughing
-exercising
-body temperature

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27
Q

What will the body do when it senses low levels of oxygen or high amount of carbon dioxide?

A

body increases breathing rate and depth

28
Q
  1. Explain why it is not possible to stop
    breathing voluntarily.
A

Respiratory centres will simply ignore messages from the cortex (our wishes) when the oxygen supply in the blood is getting low or blood PH is falling

29
Q
  1. Describe the effects of aging on the
    anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system.
A

-lose lung capacity and elasticity
-show wear and tear from smoking and breathing chemicals

30
Q
  1. Describe the homeostatic relationship
    between the respiratory system and other body systems.
A

-Respiratory system provides oxygen for cell energy

-Disposes of its waste (carbon dioxide)

31
Q

How many pulmonary arteries are there?

How many pulmonary veins are there?
Where do these veins end up?

A

2

4
Left atrium

32
Q

What are the Plerual coverings of the lungs ? (3)

Can these layers be pulled apart?

A
  1. Visceral pleura - attached to lung wall
  2. cavity with serous fluid
  3. Parietal pleural- attached to thoracic wall

-they can slide together because of serous fluid but can’t be pulled apart

33
Q

Why is nose breathing preferable to mouth breathing?

A

-Because the nose warms, moistens, and traps dust and bacteria

34
Q

What is the specific protective function of cilia in the trachea?

A

Ciliated cells of the mucosa move
the sheet of contaminated mucus away
from the lungs and toward the throat for
swallowing.

35
Q

Which main bronchi (right or left) is most likely for an inhaled object to become stuck?

Why?

A

-The right bronchus
-it’s wider, shorter, and straighter.

36
Q

The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic tissue. What is the role of the passageways? Of the elastic tissue?

This elastic tissue is called ________

A

The passageways conduct air. The elastic tissue allows lungs to recoil passively when exhaling, saving energy.

Stroma

37
Q

What four structures that make up the respiratory zone?

It is the only place _____________ happens

A

-Respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar duct
-alveolar sac
-alveoli

Gas exchange

38
Q

What is the most basic function of respiration?

A

To exchange gases between
the external environment and the
blood—oxygen in, carbon dioxide out

39
Q

What causes air to flow out of the lungs during
expiration?

A

Increased air pressure in the lungs

40
Q

what is external respiration?

what is internal respiration?

A

External respiration is the actual exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary gas exchange),

Internal respiration is the gas exchange process that occurs between the blood and the tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange).

41
Q

Which brain area is most important for setting the basic respiratory rate and rhythm?

A

The medulla oblongata

42
Q

What chemical factor in blood normally provides the most powerful stimulus to breathe?

A

Increased carbon dioxide

43
Q

Which type of cellular transport moves respiratory gases across a membrane?

A

Diffusion

44
Q

What is the major form in which CO2 is transported in the blood?

A

bicarbonate ion

45
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx - top
Oropharynx - middle
Laryngopharynx - bottom

46
Q

What do you call oxygen that is being transported on hemoglobin?

What do you call carbon dioxide that is being transported in plasma?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

Bicarbonate ion

47
Q

What happens to blood PH when carbon dioxide builds up?

A

it makes the blood more acidic

48
Q

The passageways from nose to larynx is called the _________

From trachea to alveoli is the ___________

A

Upper respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

49
Q

By the time air reaching the lungs it is these 3 things:

A

-cleaned of dust or bacteria
-warm
-damp

50
Q

What do cilia cells in nasal mucus do?

A

Moves contaminated mucous into the pharynx (throat) to fall into our stomach juices

51
Q

The larynx has these 4 components:

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Vocal fold (vibrations allow us to speak)
Cricoid cartilage

52
Q

When we swallow something, what 2 things happen?

A

-The epiglottis tips covering larynx
-Larynx is pulled upwards

53
Q

True or false: the tight adherence of pleural membranes is essential for normal breathing

A

True

54
Q

Bronchi is where the respiratory tract ___________

Then becomes the ____________ (respiratory tree)

A

Splits

Bronchioles

55
Q

Although they are big, the lungs is mostly just ___________ made of ___________

A

Air space

Elastic connective tissue for stretchiness

56
Q

The walls of alveoli are made of_________ for easy permeability

A

A Single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells

57
Q

When does air stop moving into lungs during inspiration?

A

When the pressure inside the lungs is the same as atmospheric pressure

58
Q

Most carbon dioxide is moved through plasma in disguise as ______________

This helps the blood with ____________

A

Bicarbonate

Buffering PH balance (keeping homeostasis) by minimizing changes in bloods PH balance

59
Q

Carbon dioxide cannot leave to the alveoli in Bicarbonate ion form. What does it do to leave the body?

Where does most of this take place?

A

Bicarbonate ions enter RBCs > combine with hydrogen ions > become carbonic acid > splits into water and carbon dioxide separately

Inside RBCs

60
Q

What are stretch receptors?

A

The vagus nerve tells medulla oblongata to stop stretching bronchioles and alveoli

61
Q

What are the most important factors affecting respiratory rate and depth?

These stimulus usually are ____________ and _____________

Which of these is the body’s most important stimulus for breathing?

A

Chemical factors - levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in blood

Increased carbon dioxide and decreased blood PH

Getting rid of carbon dioxide

62
Q

True or false: when you have built up carbon dioxide in your blood your PH becomes more acidic

A

True

63
Q

Why do cells need oxygen?

A

To make ATP = energy

64
Q

In the medulla oblongata, what does the ventral respiratory group do?

What does the dorsal respiratory group do?

A

-ventral respiratory group: controls rhythm of breathing

-dorsal respiratory group:
a.chemoreceptors (gas level detectors) b.peripheral stretch receptors (lung stretch detector).

65
Q

When you inspirate, ribs move ______ and diaphragm moves _________

When you expirate, ribs move _______ and diaphragm moves ________

A

Up, down

Down, up

Anatomy (12 decks)

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