Chapter 13 Respiratory Flashcards
In the trachea, what removes dust, microbes, and debris?
What direction do they move these things?
Ciliated mucosa
Up and away from lungs and into stomach
When inspiration occurs, the external intercostals and diaphragm will contract and (increase/decrease) __________ the volume and (increase/decrease)___________ the pressure in the thoracic cavity.
The diaphragm contracts ___________ (superiorly/inferiorly) and the thoracic cavity moves __________ (superior/inferiorly)
Thoracic volume increases
Pressure decreases
Diaphragm- inferiorly
Thoracic cavity -superiorly
The hard and soft partition that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below is called the ____________
Palate
What happens to lungs in expiration?
-volume decreases
-pressure rises
-Air moves out of lungs
What is external respiration?
Lung exchange - Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary blood
Place these in order from deep to superficial:
-lung
-pleural cavity (space)
-visceral (pulmonary) pleural
-parietal pleura
-lung
-visceral (pulmonary) pleural
-pleural cavity (space)
-parietal pleura
What is the respiratory membrane made of? (4)
What exchange is happening across this membrane?
-Alveoli wall (epithelial)
-two fused basement membranes
- capillary wall (endothelial)
- capillary blood gives carbon dioxide
-alveoli gives oxygen
Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ___________
Bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma
In the control of respiration, nerve impulses move from where to where?
The medulla oblongata to the diaphragm
The trachea is rigid because it is made of ________________
C-shaped rings of Hyaline cartilage
The flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing is the _____________
Epiglottis
What muscular passageway serves as a common passageway for food and air?
Pharynx
What receives air directly from the trachea during inspiration?
Bronchi
How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
What is a normal quiet breathing rate called?
Eupnea
What are the inspiratory muscles? (2)
External intercostals (between ribs)
Diaphragm
- Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway from nasal cavity to alveoli, and describe their structure and function
nasal cavity > pharynx (throat)> larynx (voice box) > trachea (windpipe) > right and left primary bronchi (splits into each lung) > Bronchioles (branches of lung) > alveoli (thin air sacs)
What are the lobes of the right and left lungs?
The lobes are made by deep __________
-left lung has 2 lobes,
-right lung has 3 lobes
Fissures
What does the respiratory membrane look like on alveoli?
What does it do?
-a cobweb of capillaries on alveoli
-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing through the membrane
What are the four events of respiration?
- Pulmonary ventilation - breathing
- External respiration - exchange in lungs
- Respiratory gas transport
- Internal respiration - exchange in body
What is inspiration?
Is pressure higher outside or inside?
What is expiration?
Is pressure higher outside or inside?
What is the pressure of the pleural space (intraplural pressure)?
Inspiration is inhaling
-high pressure outside flows in
Expiration is exhaling
-high pressure inside flows out
its always more negative than inside the lungs
What substances is blood exchanging in the lungs?
What substances is blood exchanging in the body tissues?
Blood delivers carbon dioxide to the lungs as it picks up oxygen.
In the systemic circuit, blood delivers oxygen to body tissues and picks up carbon dioxide
How is oxygen transported in blood?
How is carbon dioxide transported in blood? (2)
How does this help homeostasis?
Oxygen - mostly RBSs (oxyhemoglobin), some plasma
Carbon dioxide - mostly plasma (bicarbonate ion), some RBCs
- supports cellular energy production.
-Removing carbon dioxide from building up to dangerous levels
-keeps the blood pH stable.
What is the brains control centres for respiration? (2)
What are the nerves conrolling respiratory muscles, (diaphragm and external intercostals)? (2)
Brain:
1. medulla oblongatta
2. pons
Nerves:
1. phrenic nerves
2. intercostal nerves
What are the medulla oblongata respiratory centers? (2)
What is the pons respiratory centre? (1)
-ventral respiratory group
-dorsal respiratory group:
Pons - modify timing between inhalation
and exhalation during activities such as singing, sleeping or exercising.
- Name some physical factors that influence breathing rate.
-volition (concious control) - holding breath when swimming
-emotional factors - holding breath when scared
-chemical factors - oxygen/carbondioxide
-talking
-coughing
-exercising
-body temperature
What will the body do when it senses low levels of oxygen or high amount of carbon dioxide?
body increases breathing rate and depth
- Explain why it is not possible to stop
breathing voluntarily.
Respiratory centres will simply ignore messages from the cortex (our wishes) when the oxygen supply in the blood is getting low or blood PH is falling
- Describe the effects of aging on the
anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system.
-lose lung capacity and elasticity
-show wear and tear from smoking and breathing chemicals
- Describe the homeostatic relationship
between the respiratory system and other body systems.
-Respiratory system provides oxygen for cell energy
-Disposes of its waste (carbon dioxide)
How many pulmonary arteries are there?
How many pulmonary veins are there?
Where do these veins end up?
2
4
Left atrium
What are the Plerual coverings of the lungs ? (3)
Can these layers be pulled apart?
- Visceral pleura - attached to lung wall
- cavity with serous fluid
- Parietal pleural- attached to thoracic wall
-they can slide together because of serous fluid but can’t be pulled apart
Why is nose breathing preferable to mouth breathing?
-Because the nose warms, moistens, and traps dust and bacteria
What is the specific protective function of cilia in the trachea?
Ciliated cells of the mucosa move
the sheet of contaminated mucus away
from the lungs and toward the throat for
swallowing.
Which main bronchi (right or left) is most likely for an inhaled object to become stuck?
Why?
-The right bronchus
-it’s wider, shorter, and straighter.
The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic tissue. What is the role of the passageways? Of the elastic tissue?
This elastic tissue is called ________
The passageways conduct air. The elastic tissue allows lungs to recoil passively when exhaling, saving energy.
Stroma
What four structures that make up the respiratory zone?
It is the only place _____________ happens
-Respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar duct
-alveolar sac
-alveoli
Gas exchange
What is the most basic function of respiration?
To exchange gases between
the external environment and the
blood—oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
What causes air to flow out of the lungs during
expiration?
Increased air pressure in the lungs
what is external respiration?
what is internal respiration?
External respiration is the actual exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary gas exchange),
Internal respiration is the gas exchange process that occurs between the blood and the tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange).
Which brain area is most important for setting the basic respiratory rate and rhythm?
The medulla oblongata
What chemical factor in blood normally provides the most powerful stimulus to breathe?
Increased carbon dioxide
Which type of cellular transport moves respiratory gases across a membrane?
Diffusion
What is the major form in which CO2 is transported in the blood?
bicarbonate ion
What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx - top
Oropharynx - middle
Laryngopharynx - bottom
What do you call oxygen that is being transported on hemoglobin?
What do you call carbon dioxide that is being transported in plasma?
Oxyhemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion
What happens to blood PH when carbon dioxide builds up?
it makes the blood more acidic
The passageways from nose to larynx is called the _________
From trachea to alveoli is the ___________
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
By the time air reaching the lungs it is these 3 things:
-cleaned of dust or bacteria
-warm
-damp
What do cilia cells in nasal mucus do?
Moves contaminated mucous into the pharynx (throat) to fall into our stomach juices
The larynx has these 4 components:
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Vocal fold (vibrations allow us to speak)
Cricoid cartilage
When we swallow something, what 2 things happen?
-The epiglottis tips covering larynx
-Larynx is pulled upwards
True or false: the tight adherence of pleural membranes is essential for normal breathing
True
Bronchi is where the respiratory tract ___________
Then becomes the ____________ (respiratory tree)
Splits
Bronchioles
Although they are big, the lungs is mostly just ___________ made of ___________
Air space
Elastic connective tissue for stretchiness
The walls of alveoli are made of_________ for easy permeability
A Single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells
When does air stop moving into lungs during inspiration?
When the pressure inside the lungs is the same as atmospheric pressure
Most carbon dioxide is moved through plasma in disguise as ______________
This helps the blood with ____________
Bicarbonate
Buffering PH balance (keeping homeostasis) by minimizing changes in bloods PH balance
Carbon dioxide cannot leave to the alveoli in Bicarbonate ion form. What does it do to leave the body?
Where does most of this take place?
Bicarbonate ions enter RBCs > combine with hydrogen ions > become carbonic acid > splits into water and carbon dioxide separately
Inside RBCs
What are stretch receptors?
The vagus nerve tells medulla oblongata to stop stretching bronchioles and alveoli
What are the most important factors affecting respiratory rate and depth?
These stimulus usually are ____________ and _____________
Which of these is the body’s most important stimulus for breathing?
Chemical factors - levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in blood
Increased carbon dioxide and decreased blood PH
Getting rid of carbon dioxide
True or false: when you have built up carbon dioxide in your blood your PH becomes more acidic
True
Why do cells need oxygen?
To make ATP = energy
In the medulla oblongata, what does the ventral respiratory group do?
What does the dorsal respiratory group do?
-ventral respiratory group: controls rhythm of breathing
-dorsal respiratory group:
a.chemoreceptors (gas level detectors) b.peripheral stretch receptors (lung stretch detector).
When you inspirate, ribs move ______ and diaphragm moves _________
When you expirate, ribs move _______ and diaphragm moves ________
Up, down
Down, up
