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Anatomy > Chapter 11 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Which heart chamber has the thickest wall

A

Left ventricle

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2
Q

The layer of the heart that contracts is _____________

A

Myocardium

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3
Q

The tiny mass of cells that forms the pacemaker of the heart is called the ______________

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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4
Q

Blood that nourishes the heart wall is provided by the right and left ___________

A

Coronary arteries

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5
Q

What are all the factors that increase peripheral resistance? (3)

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Blood thickness
  3. Thick vessel walls (Atherosclerosis)
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6
Q

What are the blood vessels that transport oxygen rich blood?

A

Arteries, Aorta and pulmonary veins

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7
Q

What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

What is the transport vehicle?

The force moving the blood is?

A

Transportation

Blood is the transportation vehicle

Beating heart and blood pressure

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8
Q
  1. What is the intrinsic conduction system?

what is the pathway of impulses through this system (5)

A

Intrinsic conduction system:
-controls the heart rhythm: the heartbeat “lub-dub” pattern

Pathway:
1. SA Node (pacemaker) (contracts atrium)→
2. AV Node (slows impulse so ventricles can fill) →
3. Bundle of His (carries impulse to ventricles)→
4. Right and Left Bundle Branches (go to R and L ventricle ensuring they contract at same time) →
5. Purkinje Fibers (tiny fibers carrying impulse to all muscle cells causes the ventricles to contract)

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9
Q
  1. What is systole, diastole, stroke volume, and heart sounds ?
A
  • Diastole – heart is relaxed and filling with blood
  • Systole – ventricles are contracting
  • Stroke volume - how much blood is pumping out with force per beat
  • Heart sounds - LUB DUB from valves on each side closing
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10
Q
  1. What are the phases of the cardiac cycle (5)
A
  1. Atrial diastole – atriums and ventricles relaxed and filling
  2. Atrial systole – atria contract, ventricles filled
  3. Isovolumetric contraction – all valves close, LUB sound, building pressure
  4. Ventricular systole – pressure shoots blood out of the heart
  5. Isovolumetric relaxation – all valves close, DUB sound, atria filling again

-This all happens in 0.8 of a second

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11
Q
  1. What is cardiac output?

what determines it with the equation?

A

Cardiac output – amount of blood pumped by 1 ventricle per minute

  1. heart rate - how many beats per minute (speed)
  2. stroke volume - amount of blood pumped by 1 ventricle per beat

CO = HR x SV

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12
Q
  1. Describe the effect of each of the following on heart rate and cardiac output: stimulation
    by the vagus nerve, exercise, epinephrine and various ions.
A

The vagus nerve - slows down heart rate. Decreases cardiac output. parasympatheic nervous system.

Exercise - increases heart rate and cardiac output. sympathetic nervous system.

Epinephrine - adrenaline hormone increases heart rate and cardiac output as part of the sympathetic nervous system. fight or flight response.

Various ions - low calcium and potassium ions slow the heart.

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13
Q
  1. What are arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, and capillaries
A

arteries - transport blood away from heart, thicker

veins - transport blood to heart, thin, has valves

capillaries - where arteries and veins change, site of exchange of nutrients and waste

arterioles - branches of arteries, control blood flow into capillaries by getting bigger or smaller

venules - branch of veins with blood leaving capillaries, going back to heart

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14
Q
  1. What are the 2 pairs of arteries supplying the brain?

What is hepatic portal circulation?

A

Brain arteries:
-internal carotid (2)
- vertebral arteries(2)

Hepatic portal circulation -veins that drain the digestive organs of nutrients and go to the liver through the hepatic portal vein

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15
Q

Define pulse
How many beat per minute do we have?
and name several pulse points (5)

A

pulse - pressure wave of an artery
-70-76 beats per minute

-radial pulse-wrist
-brachial artery - ditch of arm
-common carotid artery - neck
-facial artery - jaw
-superficiial temporal artery-temple

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16
Q
  1. What is blood pressure?

What is systolic and diastolic pressure?

What is a healthy blood pressure rate?

A

the pressure against the walls of the blood vessels

-systolic pressure - pressure in the arteries when ventricles contract

-diastolic pressure - pressure when ventricles are relaxing

-healthy blood pressure is 120/70

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17
Q
  1. What are the 4 ways capillaries exchange substances across their walls?
A
  1. Diffusion through membrane -oxygen and carbon dioxide
  2. . Diffusion through clefts - holes in the wall let in water and fluids
  3. Diffusion through pores - windows for absorption (stomach or hormones)
  4. transport via vesicles - endocytosis or exocytosis
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18
Q
  1. Why is the exchange in capillaries needed in maintaining homeostasis
A

it enables the transfer of nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and other substances between the blood and tissues.

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19
Q
  1. Describe the impact of aging on the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
A

-no decline in resting cardiac output
-age related diseases might slow it down

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20
Q
  1. Describe the homeostatic relationship between the cardiovascular system and the other body systems.
A

-delivers oxygen and nutrients all over the body
-removes its wastes

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21
Q

the capillary walls are just _______ layer thick, called the __________

A

one

tunica intima

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22
Q

What is the location of the heart in the thorax?

A

mediastinum

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23
Q

Which heart chamber has the thickest walls? What is the functional significance of this structural difference?

A

the left ventricle has the thickest wall because it pumps to the entire body

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24
Q

Why are the heart valves important?

A

because they keep blood flowing in 1 direction

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25
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

A

it coordinates the action of the heart chambers

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26
Q

To which heart chambers do the terms systole and diastole usually apply?

A

ventricles

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27
Q

During isovolumetric contraction of the cardiac cycle, which chambers are relaxing, and which are contracting?

A

the atria are relaxing, ventricles contracting

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28
Q

What causes the lub-dup sounds heard with a
stethoscope?

A

the heart valves closing

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29
Q

What would you expect to happen to the heart rate of an individual with a fever? Why?

A

fever increases the heart rate because the rate of metabolism of the cardiac muscle increases

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30
Q

What is the most important factor affecting stroke volume?

A

preload - cardiac muscle stretch

The more stretched = more stroke volume

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31
Q

Assume you are viewing a blood vessel under the microscope. It has a large, lopsided lumen, relatively thick tunica externa, and a relatively thin tunica media. Which kind of blood vessel is this?

A

vein

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32
Q

. Arteries lack valves, but veins have them. How is this structural difference related to blood pressure?

A

-veins need extra measures to get back to the heart because they have less blood pressure

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33
Q

How is the structure of capillaries related to their function in the body?

A

capillary walls have only 1 layer so they can easily exchange substaces through them from blood to tissue cells

-endothelium and basement membrane

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34
Q

In what part of the body are the femoral, popliteal, and arcuate arteries found?

A

femoral - thigh
popiteal - knee
arcuate - foot

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35
Q

In what part of the body are the axillary, cephalic, and basilic veins located?

A

axillary - armpit
cephalic - shoulder
cassilic - upper arm

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36
Q

Which vessel—the hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, or hepatic artery—has the highest content of nutrients after a meal?

A

hepatic portal vein

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37
Q

In what two important ways is the pulmonary circulation different from the systemic circulation?

A

-pulmonary circulation is much shorter -requires a less powerful pump
-going to lungs not body
-Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen depleted blood, while systemic arteris carry oxygen rich blood.

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38
Q

Which artery is palpated at the wrist?
At the groin?
At the side of the neck?

A

wrist - radial artery
groin - femoral
side of neck - common carotid

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39
Q

How does blood pressure change throughout the systemic circulatory pathway?

A

it decreases from heart to vena cava

40
Q

What is the effect of hemorrhage (significant blood loss) on blood pressure? Why?

A

blood pressure goes down because the total volume of blood is goes down

41
Q

Would you expect fluid to be entering or leaving the capillaries at the venous end of a capillary bed?

A

fluid enters the capillary bed at its venous end

42
Q

Both venae cavae deliver oxygen-poor blood from the body to the ____________

A

right atrium

43
Q

what happens during atrial diastole?

A

blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits fills atria

44
Q

Atrial repolarization coincides in time with the ____ wave

Atrial Depolizaration is the ____ wave

A

QRS wave

P wave

45
Q

To count the heart rate for an apical pulse, you would place your stethoscope approximately at the level of the _________________

A

fifth intercostal space

46
Q

In comparing a parallel artery and vein, you would
find that

A

the artery wall is thicker and the artery lumen (hole) is smaller

47
Q

Most of the small intestine is supplied by the _________ artery

A

superior mesenteric artery.

48
Q

In which of the heart chambers does the coronary
sinus empty?

A

Right atrium

49
Q

What effects do the kidneys have on blood pressure?

A

They can increase/ decrease blood pressure by increasing/ decreasing blood volume

50
Q

What is the septum of the heart?

A

A wall separating the hearts right and left side

51
Q

When getting your blood pressure taken, what does the first and second number represent? For example 120/80

A

120 - systolic blood pressure (contracted ventricles)

80 - diastolic blood pressure (ventricles relaxed)

52
Q

The heart is between the __________ and _________ rib

Where would you place a stethoscope if you wanted to hear someone’s heart beat?

A

The second and fifth

The fifth intercostal space (rib)

53
Q

Arteries are usually carrying oxygen rich blood, and veins are carrying oxygen depleted blood - but what is the one exception?

A

Pulmonary artery and veins to the lungs

54
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure do in capillaries?

What is osmotic pressure do in capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure = Pushes out nutrients and oxygen into tissues at the capillary’s arterial end.

Osmotic Pressure = Pulls in waste and water back into the capillaries at the venous end.

55
Q

Blood flow in the capillary bed is controlled by ___________

A

terminal arteries (constriction or dilation)

56
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle with each heartbeat

57
Q

What is preload?

What two factors influence the amount of preload?

A

-preload: the amount of stretch on the muscle cells

-venous return: blood returning to heart
-heart rate: length of time the ventricles are relaxed and filling

58
Q

The heart is enclosed by a sac called the __________

Their are three layers of the sac. The outer layer is called _________

The outter fold is called the ___________

The fluid between serous layers is called _________

The innermost layer is called __________ the outermost layer of heart wall is called ________ even though they are the same layer

A

Pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

Serous Parietal pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Visceral layer of serous pericardium and epicardium

59
Q

The heart wall is made up of these 3 layers:

A

-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium

60
Q

True or false: the visceral layer of the pericardium and the epicardium of the heart wall are the same thing

A

True

61
Q

What 4 structures make up the pericardium (sac surrounding the heart)?

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. Outter layer - fibrous pericardium
  2. serous parietal layer
  3. cavity filled with serous fluid
  4. serous visceral layer - also called epicardium because it’s attached to the heart wall

Heart wall:
1. epicardium - Visceral layer of serous pericardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
Beneath this is the heart chamber

62
Q

The heart chambers are lined with ___________

A

Endocardium

63
Q

The _________ is the hearts left leaning posterior apex.

A

Left ventricle

64
Q

How many pulmonary veins do we have?

A

2 right and 2 left on each side of the 3 top pieces
-4 in total

65
Q

True or false: the pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries

True or false: the right pulmonary artery goes under the aorta

A

True

True

66
Q

Serous fluid is between the _________ and _________ layer which is called the ______________. The _________ layer and the ___________ are the same thing.

A

Serous Visceral and parietal pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Visceral layer and epicardium

67
Q

True or false- the same lining of the blood vessels lines the heart chambers

A

True - endocardium

68
Q

The bicuspid valve is also called the ___________

A

Mitral valve

69
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

-Heart strings that close the flaps of the valves
-they hang limp into ventricles

70
Q

How many coronary arteries do we have ?

Where does it branch out of?

It encircles the heart in a ___________

The cardiac veins empty into the ___________ which goes into the right atrium.

A

2 - 1 left and 1 right coronary arteries

The aorta

Coronary sulcus

Coronary sinus

71
Q

True or false: cardiac muscle cells can contract spontaneously and independently- even if all nervous connections are severed

A

True

72
Q

How many beats per minute does the heart do?

A

Around 75

73
Q

Which heart beat sound is longer and lounder, LUB or DUB?

A

LUB

74
Q

In electrocardiography, what does the P, QRS, and T stand for?

A

P - atrial depolization
QRS - ventricular depolarization
T - ventricular repolarization

75
Q

The ventricles pump out what percentage of blood from its ventricles?

A

60%

76
Q

What are the parts of the tunica intima (2), tunica media (2), and tunica external (1)?

A

Tunica intima - endothelium and loose connective tissue

Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Tunica externa - collagen fibers

77
Q

What 2 parts is a capillary made of?

A

Basement membrane (outside) and endothelial cells (inside)

78
Q

Why are the walls of arteries thicker than veins

A

So they don’t stretch out permanently

79
Q

What helps veins bring blood back to the heart?

A

-valves
-muscular pump - skeletal muscle milks veins
-respiratory pump in throat - drops pressure right before we inhale

80
Q

What is microcirculation?

What are the 3 exchanges that arterioles allow to capillaries?

A

Blood flow from arteriole to venule through a capillary bed

  1. Arterioles dilated - blood flows to capillaries
  2. Arterioles constricted - no blood flows to capillaries
  3. Special mesenteric sphincters control blood flow bypassing some regions
81
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

A circle of blood vessels in the brain base in case theirs a clot

82
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

Drains digestive organs to the liver for detox

83
Q

What are pressure points?

A

Points that are compressed to stop blood flow in significant blood loss

Ex. If your hand is cut you can compress the brachial artery

84
Q

You can tell if you cut your artery or vein open based on __________

A

The pressure

Veins - blood flows evenly
Artery - rapid spurts of blood

85
Q

At capillaries, exchanged substances diffuse through _________ between cells following their concentration gradient

At capillary beds, why does fluid move out of capillary and into interstitial fluid?

Why does fluid move back into capillary at the venule end of the capillary?

A

Interstitial fluid

Because blood pressure is more than osmotic pressure

Because blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure

86
Q

Why do we have a right and left pulmonary artery?

Which one goes under the aorta?

How many pulmonary veins do we have?

Where do they drain into?

A

Because they go to each lung

Right pulmonary artery

2 right and 2 left on each side of the heart

Left atrium

87
Q

The atrioventricular valves have this amount of flaps__________

The semilunar valves have this amount of flaps __________ and look like __________

A

2

3
An upside down parachute

88
Q

The coronary arteries specifically nourish this part of the heart wall ____________

A

Myocardium

89
Q

True or false: the purkinje fibers wring the ventricles from apex towards the atrium

A

True

90
Q

The first heart sound LUB is caused by the closing of the ____________ valves

The second heart sound DUB is caused by the closing of the __________ valves

A

AV valves

Semilunar valves

91
Q

True or false: atrial cells beat faster that ventricle cells

A

True

92
Q

True or false: nearly the entire blood supply passes through the body once per minute

A

True

93
Q

What 3 things affect stroke volume ?

A

-preload: cardiac muscle stretch
-contractility: cardiac muscle tension
-afterload: pressure that ventricles need to overcome to pump blood (in aorta and pulmonary trunk)

94
Q

Would cold increase or decrease your heart rate?

A

Decrease

95
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

Aorta

96
Q

The superior vena cava drains the _________

The inferior vena cava drains the __________

A

Head and arms

Lower body

97
Q

What are your vital signs?

A

-pulse
-blood pressure
-body temperature
-respiratory rate

Anatomy (12 decks)

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