Chapter 11 Cardiovascular Flashcards
Which heart chamber has the thickest wall
Left ventricle
The layer of the heart that contracts is _____________
Myocardium
The tiny mass of cells that forms the pacemaker of the heart is called the ______________
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Blood that nourishes the heart wall is provided by the right and left ___________
Coronary arteries
What are all the factors that increase peripheral resistance? (3)
- Vasoconstriction
- Blood thickness
- Thick vessel walls (Atherosclerosis)
What are the blood vessels that transport oxygen rich blood?
Arteries, Aorta and pulmonary veins
What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the transport vehicle?
The force moving the blood is?
Transportation
Blood is the transportation vehicle
Beating heart and blood pressure
- What is the intrinsic conduction system?
what is the pathway of impulses through this system (5)
Intrinsic conduction system:
-controls the heart rhythm: the heartbeat “lub-dub” pattern
Pathway:
1. SA Node (pacemaker) (contracts atrium)→
2. AV Node (slows impulse so ventricles can fill) →
3. Bundle of His (carries impulse to ventricles)→
4. Right and Left Bundle Branches (go to R and L ventricle ensuring they contract at same time) →
5. Purkinje Fibers (tiny fibers carrying impulse to all muscle cells causes the ventricles to contract)
- What is systole, diastole, stroke volume, and heart sounds ?
- Diastole – heart is relaxed and filling with blood
- Systole – ventricles are contracting
- Stroke volume - how much blood is pumping out with force per beat
- Heart sounds - LUB DUB from valves on each side closing
- What are the phases of the cardiac cycle (5)
- Atrial diastole – atriums and ventricles relaxed and filling
- Atrial systole – atria contract, ventricles filled
- Isovolumetric contraction – all valves close, LUB sound, building pressure
- Ventricular systole – pressure shoots blood out of the heart
- Isovolumetric relaxation – all valves close, DUB sound, atria filling again
-This all happens in 0.8 of a second
- What is cardiac output?
what determines it with the equation?
Cardiac output – amount of blood pumped by 1 ventricle per minute
- heart rate - how many beats per minute (speed)
- stroke volume - amount of blood pumped by 1 ventricle per beat
CO = HR x SV
- Describe the effect of each of the following on heart rate and cardiac output: stimulation
by the vagus nerve, exercise, epinephrine and various ions.
The vagus nerve - slows down heart rate. Decreases cardiac output. parasympatheic nervous system.
Exercise - increases heart rate and cardiac output. sympathetic nervous system.
Epinephrine - adrenaline hormone increases heart rate and cardiac output as part of the sympathetic nervous system. fight or flight response.
Various ions - low calcium and potassium ions slow the heart.
- What are arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, and capillaries
arteries - transport blood away from heart, thicker
veins - transport blood to heart, thin, has valves
capillaries - where arteries and veins change, site of exchange of nutrients and waste
arterioles - branches of arteries, control blood flow into capillaries by getting bigger or smaller
venules - branch of veins with blood leaving capillaries, going back to heart
- What are the 2 pairs of arteries supplying the brain?
What is hepatic portal circulation?
Brain arteries:
-internal carotid (2)
- vertebral arteries(2)
Hepatic portal circulation -veins that drain the digestive organs of nutrients and go to the liver through the hepatic portal vein
Define pulse
How many beat per minute do we have?
and name several pulse points (5)
pulse - pressure wave of an artery
-70-76 beats per minute
-radial pulse-wrist
-brachial artery - ditch of arm
-common carotid artery - neck
-facial artery - jaw
-superficiial temporal artery-temple
- What is blood pressure?
What is systolic and diastolic pressure?
What is a healthy blood pressure rate?
the pressure against the walls of the blood vessels
-systolic pressure - pressure in the arteries when ventricles contract
-diastolic pressure - pressure when ventricles are relaxing
-healthy blood pressure is 120/70
- What are the 4 ways capillaries exchange substances across their walls?
- Diffusion through membrane -oxygen and carbon dioxide
- . Diffusion through clefts - holes in the wall let in water and fluids
- Diffusion through pores - windows for absorption (stomach or hormones)
- transport via vesicles - endocytosis or exocytosis
- Why is the exchange in capillaries needed in maintaining homeostasis
it enables the transfer of nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and other substances between the blood and tissues.
- Describe the impact of aging on the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
-no decline in resting cardiac output
-age related diseases might slow it down
- Describe the homeostatic relationship between the cardiovascular system and the other body systems.
-delivers oxygen and nutrients all over the body
-removes its wastes
the capillary walls are just _______ layer thick, called the __________
one
tunica intima
What is the location of the heart in the thorax?
mediastinum
Which heart chamber has the thickest walls? What is the functional significance of this structural difference?
the left ventricle has the thickest wall because it pumps to the entire body
Why are the heart valves important?
because they keep blood flowing in 1 direction
What is the function of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
it coordinates the action of the heart chambers
To which heart chambers do the terms systole and diastole usually apply?
ventricles
During isovolumetric contraction of the cardiac cycle, which chambers are relaxing, and which are contracting?
the atria are relaxing, ventricles contracting
What causes the lub-dup sounds heard with a
stethoscope?
the heart valves closing
What would you expect to happen to the heart rate of an individual with a fever? Why?
fever increases the heart rate because the rate of metabolism of the cardiac muscle increases
What is the most important factor affecting stroke volume?
preload - cardiac muscle stretch
The more stretched = more stroke volume
Assume you are viewing a blood vessel under the microscope. It has a large, lopsided lumen, relatively thick tunica externa, and a relatively thin tunica media. Which kind of blood vessel is this?
vein
. Arteries lack valves, but veins have them. How is this structural difference related to blood pressure?
-veins need extra measures to get back to the heart because they have less blood pressure
How is the structure of capillaries related to their function in the body?
capillary walls have only 1 layer so they can easily exchange substaces through them from blood to tissue cells
-endothelium and basement membrane
In what part of the body are the femoral, popliteal, and arcuate arteries found?
femoral - thigh
popiteal - knee
arcuate - foot
In what part of the body are the axillary, cephalic, and basilic veins located?
axillary - armpit
cephalic - shoulder
cassilic - upper arm
Which vessel—the hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, or hepatic artery—has the highest content of nutrients after a meal?
hepatic portal vein
In what two important ways is the pulmonary circulation different from the systemic circulation?
-pulmonary circulation is much shorter -requires a less powerful pump
-going to lungs not body
-Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen depleted blood, while systemic arteris carry oxygen rich blood.
Which artery is palpated at the wrist?
At the groin?
At the side of the neck?
wrist - radial artery
groin - femoral
side of neck - common carotid
How does blood pressure change throughout the systemic circulatory pathway?
it decreases from heart to vena cava
What is the effect of hemorrhage (significant blood loss) on blood pressure? Why?
blood pressure goes down because the total volume of blood is goes down
Would you expect fluid to be entering or leaving the capillaries at the venous end of a capillary bed?
fluid enters the capillary bed at its venous end
Both venae cavae deliver oxygen-poor blood from the body to the ____________
right atrium
what happens during atrial diastole?
blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits fills atria
Atrial repolarization coincides in time with the ____ wave
Atrial Depolizaration is the ____ wave
QRS wave
P wave
To count the heart rate for an apical pulse, you would place your stethoscope approximately at the level of the _________________
fifth intercostal space
In comparing a parallel artery and vein, you would
find that
the artery wall is thicker and the artery lumen (hole) is smaller
Most of the small intestine is supplied by the _________ artery
superior mesenteric artery.
In which of the heart chambers does the coronary
sinus empty?
Right atrium
What effects do the kidneys have on blood pressure?
They can increase/ decrease blood pressure by increasing/ decreasing blood volume
What is the septum of the heart?
A wall separating the hearts right and left side
When getting your blood pressure taken, what does the first and second number represent? For example 120/80
120 - systolic blood pressure (contracted ventricles)
80 - diastolic blood pressure (ventricles relaxed)
The heart is between the __________ and _________ rib
Where would you place a stethoscope if you wanted to hear someone’s heart beat?
The second and fifth
The fifth intercostal space (rib)
Arteries are usually carrying oxygen rich blood, and veins are carrying oxygen depleted blood - but what is the one exception?
Pulmonary artery and veins to the lungs
What does hydrostatic pressure do in capillaries?
What is osmotic pressure do in capillaries?
Hydrostatic Pressure = Pushes out nutrients and oxygen into tissues at the capillary’s arterial end.
Osmotic Pressure = Pulls in waste and water back into the capillaries at the venous end.
Blood flow in the capillary bed is controlled by ___________
terminal arteries (constriction or dilation)
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle with each heartbeat
What is preload?
What two factors influence the amount of preload?
-preload: the amount of stretch on the muscle cells
-venous return: blood returning to heart
-heart rate: length of time the ventricles are relaxed and filling
The heart is enclosed by a sac called the __________
Their are three layers of the sac. The outer layer is called _________
The outter fold is called the ___________
The fluid between serous layers is called _________
The innermost layer is called __________ the outermost layer of heart wall is called ________ even though they are the same layer
Pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Serous Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of serous pericardium and epicardium
The heart wall is made up of these 3 layers:
-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium
True or false: the visceral layer of the pericardium and the epicardium of the heart wall are the same thing
True
What 4 structures make up the pericardium (sac surrounding the heart)?
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
- Outter layer - fibrous pericardium
- serous parietal layer
- cavity filled with serous fluid
- serous visceral layer - also called epicardium because it’s attached to the heart wall
Heart wall:
1. epicardium - Visceral layer of serous pericardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
Beneath this is the heart chamber
The heart chambers are lined with ___________
Endocardium
The _________ is the hearts left leaning posterior apex.
Left ventricle
How many pulmonary veins do we have?
2 right and 2 left on each side of the 3 top pieces
-4 in total
True or false: the pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries
True or false: the right pulmonary artery goes under the aorta
True
True
Serous fluid is between the _________ and _________ layer which is called the ______________. The _________ layer and the ___________ are the same thing.
Serous Visceral and parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer and epicardium
True or false- the same lining of the blood vessels lines the heart chambers
True - endocardium
The bicuspid valve is also called the ___________
Mitral valve
What are chordae tendineae?
-Heart strings that close the flaps of the valves
-they hang limp into ventricles
How many coronary arteries do we have ?
Where does it branch out of?
It encircles the heart in a ___________
The cardiac veins empty into the ___________ which goes into the right atrium.
2 - 1 left and 1 right coronary arteries
The aorta
Coronary sulcus
Coronary sinus
True or false: cardiac muscle cells can contract spontaneously and independently- even if all nervous connections are severed
True
How many beats per minute does the heart do?
Around 75
Which heart beat sound is longer and lounder, LUB or DUB?
LUB
In electrocardiography, what does the P, QRS, and T stand for?
P - atrial depolization
QRS - ventricular depolarization
T - ventricular repolarization
The ventricles pump out what percentage of blood from its ventricles?
60%
What are the parts of the tunica intima (2), tunica media (2), and tunica external (1)?
Tunica intima - endothelium and loose connective tissue
Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Tunica externa - collagen fibers
What 2 parts is a capillary made of?
Basement membrane (outside) and endothelial cells (inside)
Why are the walls of arteries thicker than veins
So they don’t stretch out permanently
What helps veins bring blood back to the heart?
-valves
-muscular pump - skeletal muscle milks veins
-respiratory pump in throat - drops pressure right before we inhale
What is microcirculation?
What are the 3 exchanges that arterioles allow to capillaries?
Blood flow from arteriole to venule through a capillary bed
- Arterioles dilated - blood flows to capillaries
- Arterioles constricted - no blood flows to capillaries
- Special mesenteric sphincters control blood flow bypassing some regions
What is the circle of Willis?
A circle of blood vessels in the brain base in case theirs a clot
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
Drains digestive organs to the liver for detox
What are pressure points?
Points that are compressed to stop blood flow in significant blood loss
Ex. If your hand is cut you can compress the brachial artery
You can tell if you cut your artery or vein open based on __________
The pressure
Veins - blood flows evenly
Artery - rapid spurts of blood
At capillaries, exchanged substances diffuse through _________ between cells following their concentration gradient
At capillary beds, why does fluid move out of capillary and into interstitial fluid?
Why does fluid move back into capillary at the venule end of the capillary?
Interstitial fluid
Because blood pressure is more than osmotic pressure
Because blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure
Why do we have a right and left pulmonary artery?
Which one goes under the aorta?
How many pulmonary veins do we have?
Where do they drain into?
Because they go to each lung
Right pulmonary artery
2 right and 2 left on each side of the heart
Left atrium
The atrioventricular valves have this amount of flaps__________
The semilunar valves have this amount of flaps __________ and look like __________
2
3
An upside down parachute
The coronary arteries specifically nourish this part of the heart wall ____________
Myocardium
True or false: the purkinje fibers wring the ventricles from apex towards the atrium
True
The first heart sound LUB is caused by the closing of the ____________ valves
The second heart sound DUB is caused by the closing of the __________ valves
AV valves
Semilunar valves
True or false: atrial cells beat faster that ventricle cells
True
True or false: nearly the entire blood supply passes through the body once per minute
True
What 3 things affect stroke volume ?
-preload: cardiac muscle stretch
-contractility: cardiac muscle tension
-afterload: pressure that ventricles need to overcome to pump blood (in aorta and pulmonary trunk)
Would cold increase or decrease your heart rate?
Decrease
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
The superior vena cava drains the _________
The inferior vena cava drains the __________
Head and arms
Lower body
What are your vital signs?
-pulse
-blood pressure
-body temperature
-respiratory rate
