Chapter 15 Urinary System Flashcards
What are the general functions of the urinary system? (4)
-filters blood
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes
-eliminates excess substances (ex. water)
-balances water, electrolytes, PH balance, blood pressure, and fluid volume
What are the internal parts of the kidney? (4)
-renal cortex (light outside)
-renal medulla (dark insides)
-renal pyramid (triangles pointing inside)
-renal pelvis (tube leading outside)
What is a nephron?
What are the parts of a nephron? (6)
Nephron- filters the blood making urine
- Glomerulus - knot of capillaries
- Bowmans capsule - Surrounds the glomerulus (capillaries)
- Renal tubule:
-Proximal convoluted tubule
-Loop of Helene
-Distal convoluted tubule - Collecting duct- run down the pyramid lines bring urine from nephron to renal pelvis
What are the three steps of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration- plasma passes through glomerulus capillaries entering renal tubule
Tubular reabsorption- needed substances (Water, glucose, amino acids, and ions) leave the tube and go back to the blood
-proximal convoluted tube
Tubular secretion- more substances go from the blood to the tubule (drugs, excess, etc)
-distal convoluted tube
What is the composition of normal urine?
What are abnormal urinary components?
Normal urine:
-unneeded substances (excess water, ions, etc)
-nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
Abnormal urine:
-glucose, proteins, red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells (pus), bacteria, and bile
What are the 4 components of the unrinary system?
Kidney - filter blood to make urine
Ureters- two urine slides from kidney to bladder
Bladder- storage tank that holds urine.
Urethra- small tube from bladder to outside the body
What is micturition?
peeing (voiding the bladder)
What are the hormones that work together to maintain blood volume and blood pressure?
-ADH (antidiuretic hormone) reabsorb water in the collecting duct
-Aldosterone reabsorbs sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubule
What are the effects of normal aging on the urinary system? (3)
-kidney and bladder get smaller
-nephrons decrease and filter less
-develop kidney stones
How does the urinary system work with other body systems to maintain homeostasis?
-kidneys dispose their nitrogenous waste
-maintains bloods balance of fluid, electrolyte, and PH balance
Blood leaving an afferent arteriole would directly enter which of the following?
Glomerulus (capillaries)
Which of the following is an organ in the urinary system that differs in males and females both structurally and functionally?
Urethra
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates tubular reabsorption of __________.
Water
What enzyme produced by the kidneys helps regulate blood pressure?
What is the only hormone your kidney makes?
Renin
Erythropoietin
Starting at the cortex of the kidney, which is the correct sequence through which urine flows to reach the exterior of the body?
Cortex, medullary pyramid, calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Which nitrogenous wastes does the kidney get rid of?
-ammonia
-urea
-uric acid
-creatinine
What makes pee yellow?
- Urochrome - the destruction of hemoglobin.
- The more solutes we have the deeper yellow in color. And the more solutes the more dehydrated you are.
How much is the bladder holding when we have the urge to void?
200ml of urine
The kidneys are retroperitoneal. What does that mean?
they are behind the peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity)
From the most superficial aspect of a kidney to its ureter, name its three major regions.
-Cortex,
-medulla
-pelvis
A kidney stone blocking a ureter would interfere with the flow of urine into which organ?
the bladder
Why is the presence of transitional epithelium in the urinary bladder important?
So the bladder can stretch
Structurally and functionally, how does the male urethra differ from the female urethra?
-It is longer, and it transports both urine and semen.
-The female urethra transports urine only.
What are the 3 layers of the kidney?
-fibrous capsule (inside)
-perirenal fat capsule
-renal fascia (outside)
What are the 4 organs of the uninary system?
-Kidneys
-ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra
where are nephrons found?
where do their loops go into?
renal cortex
renal medulla
what is filtrate?
Filtered plasma going through the nephron
what is too large to pass through the glomerulus into the renal tubule?
why is the afferent arteriole so much larger than the efferent arteriole?
Proteins and blood cells
Because the blood pressure in afferent is stronger to push blood into the bowmans capsule
True or false: peristalsis moves the liquid in the ureters and urethra
True
How does the nervous system control micturition?
stretching of bladder wall > Impulses go to sacral region of spinal cord > impulses go back to bladder with pelvic splanchnic nerves > bladder has hightening contractions > urine goes past internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) > urine goes into the upper part of the urethra > you’ll feel the urge to void > can hold it with external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
where does the renal artery enter, and renal vein and ureters leave the kidney?
At the hilium (medial curve of kidney)
Kidneys control RBC production by secreting the hormone _______________.
erythropoietin
Ureters transfer urine from the __________ to the __________.
Kidneys (renal pelvis) to the bladder
Bladder infections usually happen in the region of __________.
This area is formed at the _______ of the bladder by the three __________ which come from the ________ and ________.
trigone
Bottom (base)
Openings
Ureters and Urethra
What is the pathway of blood into and out of the kidneys? (10)
- Aorta
- renal artery
- cortical radiate artery
- afferent arteriole >
- glomerulus (capillaries)
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillaries
- cortical radiate vein
- renal vein
- inferior vena cava
When we are _______ it means there are too many solutes in blood plasma. One indication is low amount of ________ in our mouths.
Thirsty
Saliva
How much blood passes through the kidney each minute?
How much filtrate is removed and goes on into the collecting duct?
In 24 hours how much blood plasma is filtered?
How much urine is produced in 24 hours?
A quarter of the blood supply
1%
150-180 Liters
1-1.8 Liters
In what ways does the glomerulus differ from any bother capillary in the body?
- it is fed and drained by arterioles
- afferent arteriole is large for high pressure (usually there’s low pressure at capillaries)
True or false: urine is continuously formed by the kidneys, but it is stored in the bladder until it is convenient to void
True
Which parts of the urinary system use peristalsis?
Ureters and urethra
What happens when a person chooses not to void after they feel the urge?
Reflex contractions in bladder stop
After 200-300 ml more urine has been collected the micturition reflex occurs again
Eventually you will void whether you want it or not
How do the kidneys keep blood composition constant?
- Eliminating nitrogen waste
- Maintaining water and electrolyte balance
- Ensuring proper blood PH
When we become thirsty, what is happening in our body?
-Increased plasma solutes by 2-3%
-osmoreceptors activate hypothalamus thirst centre
-mouth becomes dry
For any type of nutrient, waste, or ions to get from blood plasma to the cell, they must go through ______________
Interstitial fluid
How is blood pressure homeostasis maintained using the renin angiotensin mechanism?
-Low blood pressure/ volume
-kidney JG cells notice and release enzyme renin into blood
-makes angiotensin II for vasoconstriction and aldosterone for solutes and water
-blood volume and pressure increase
