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Anatomy > Chapter 14 Digestive > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Digestive Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Trace the path of food through the alimentary canal
A

mouth (oral cavity) > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine

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2
Q
  1. What are the four layers of the wall of the digestive tract from innermost to outtermost
A

-mucosa (surface epithelium)
-submucosa
-muscularis externa (muscle layer)
-serosa (visceral layer peritoneum)

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3
Q

What are the hormones produced by the stomach?

What hormones are produced in the duodendrum?

Which one is in both?

A

Stomach:
-Gastrin
-Histamine

Duodendrum:
-Intestinal gastrin
-Secretin
-Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
-Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Both:
-Somatostatin

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4
Q
  1. What are the accessory digestive organs? (5)

What do they do?

A

-teeth and tongue - break down food
-salivary glands - breaks down food
-liver -makes bile
-gallbladder - stores bile
-pancreas - has enzymes that break down all food

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5
Q
  1. What are the six main activities of the digestive system process?
A
  1. Ingestion - voluntary, food into mouth
  2. Propulsion - food going from 1 organ to the next (peristalsis)
  3. Food breakdown (mechanical) - food physically breaks down
  4. Food breakdown (digestion) - food chemically breaks down by enzymes
  5. Absorption - nutrients go to the blood stream or lymph
  6. defacation - elimination of indigestable feces
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6
Q

What are the digestive enzymes for carbohydrates?

proteins?

fats?

nucleic acids?

A

Carbohydrates :
Maltose - malt sugar
Lactose - milk sugar
Sucrose - table sugar

Proteins - amino acids (intermediatly polypeptides)

Fats/lipids - fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleic acid - pancreas helps digest them

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7
Q
  1. Describe the circulation of blood within the digestive system and hepatic portal system
A

Hepatic portal vein drains digestive organs and delivers this blood to the liver to be detoxified before entering circulation

-the livers needs will be met first.

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8
Q
  1. Describe the effects of aging on the
    digestive system
A

-muscular wall loses tone, causing constipation
-saliva and digestive enzymes decrease, slowing digestion
-taste and smell diminish
-loss of teeth
-less peristalis
-weakened gag reflex
-liver shrinks and less detoxification happens

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9
Q

What is the homeostatic relationship between the digestive system and other body systems ?

A
  • Provides cells nutrients for energy - fuel, growth, and repair
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10
Q
  1. What is energy balance in the body?

What is energy intake?

What is energy output?

What happens when this energy is unbalanced?

A

Energy balance = relationship between energy in and energy out

Energy intake is food + drink

Energy output is heat + work + energy storage.
- 60% loss is heat includes the energy we immediately lose as heat (about 60 percent of the total),
-plus energy for work and storage

-When energy intake and output are equal, weight is stable.
-When they are not, we either gain or lose weight.

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11
Q

What is basal metabolic rate (BMR) ?
What is its primary and secondary influences?

What is total metabolic rate (TMR) ?
How much is used for body heat and how much goes to make ATP?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - is the amount of calories the body uses at rest
Primary influencer: thyroxine (in thyroid gland
Secondary influences: age, gender, strong emotions, and body surface area

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR) - ) is all the calories you spend in a day
* 60 percent of food energy released is given off as heat;
*40 percent is available to make ATP or build body molecules;

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12
Q

What is the role of the liver? (3)

A

-Makes bile
-Stores fat (Glycogen)
-Detoxes drugs and alcohol

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13
Q

Most plant proteins are __________ amino acids.
Why?

Animal products are __________ amino acids.
Why?

A

incomplete
they lack one or more essential amino acids. Although they can be combined (such as beans and rice) to become complete.

complete
because they have all the essential amino acids required by the body in 1 product.

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14
Q

What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal that lines the lumen.

A

Mucosa

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15
Q

Shaped like a worm, the appendix projects inferiorly from which region of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

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16
Q

The smooth lining of the stomach is dotted with millions of deep __________ which lead into ____________ that secrete ___________ after the hormone __________ is released by stomach cells.

A

Gastric pits

Gastric glands

Gastric juice

Gastrin

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17
Q

Along which segment of the alimentary canal does most of the absorption of digested foods occur?

A

Small intestine - jejunum

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18
Q

What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal that lines the lumen.

A

Mucosa

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19
Q

Chief cells of the gastric glands secrete __________

The gastric glands, when stimulated by gastrin, make which 3 protein digesting enzymes?

What other enzyme is made in the stomach for milk protein?

A

pepsinogen

-pepsinogen
-mucus
-hydrochloric acid

-rennin

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20
Q

True or false: the large intestine has numerous goblet cells in its mucosa

A

true

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21
Q

What organ produces enzymes capable of digesting all categories of digestible foods?

A

Pancreas

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22
Q

Select the correct order for the three segments of the small intestine as chyme flows through them from the stomach to the large intestine. (3)

What does each part do?

A
  1. Duodenum - most busy, most breakdown
    5% of small intestine
  2. jejunum - absorption of nutrients and water
    40% of small intestine
  3. ileum - important vitamins absorbed
    60% of small intestine
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23
Q

True or false: bile contains enzymes

How does this help digestion?

A

False - bile has salts that emulsify (break down) fats

Breaking down big pieces to smaller fat globules have more surface area for fat digesting enzymes to destroy

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24
Q

The fingerlike projections of the small intestine mucosa, which are so important in nutrient absorption, are the __________

A

Villi

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25
Q

What is the major source of fuel for making ATP in most body cells?

A

Glucose AKA blood sugar

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26
Q

Which process in the liver refers to the formation of glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

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27
Q

Which areas of the alimentary canal break down food both physically and chemically? (3)

A

-Mouth
-Stomach
-Small intestine

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28
Q

True or false: the alimentary canal forms a continuous muscular tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.

A

True

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29
Q

What does metabolism mean?

What does catabolism mean?

What does anabolism mean?

A

Metabolism - any chemical reactions at the cellular level

Catabolism - breaking down molecules

Anabolism - building up molecules

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30
Q

What is the preferred form of cell fuel?

These substances are brown down into _________

What do cells need this fuel for?

A

Carbohydrate

glucose (blood sugar)

making ATP (energy)

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31
Q

Proteins make up _______ of cells. They are broken down into ____________.

What do cells do with with this substance?

A

most

amino acids

-build proteins: both for their own use and for export

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32
Q

What is the role of the liver when it comes too blood glucose homeostasis?

A

High blood glucose levels: glycogenesis
-Stores glycogen (excess glucose)

Falling blood glucose levels:
-option 1:Releases glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis)
-option 2: Makes new glucose from fat or amino acids (gluconeogenesis).

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33
Q

how are fatty acids, fats, and cholesterol transported to cells?

How are they transported for disposal in the liver?

Which is considered more healthy?

A

-insoluble in water so cannot use bloodstream
-the low-density lipoproteins, or LDLs, transport them to body cells

High density lipoproteins

A ratio with high HDLs and low LDLs because your getting rid of cholesterol

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34
Q

In which region of the alimentary canal does protein digestion begin?

In which region does carbohydrate digestion begin?

A

Stomach

Mouth

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35
Q

Why does the stomach epithelium secrete alkaline mucous?

Why does it secrete intrinsic factor?

A

protects the stomach wall from being digested.

needed for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.

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36
Q

What are the two main functions of the large intestine?

What is the valve called that joined the small and large intestine?

A

-Water and vitamin absorption
-remove waste

Ileocecal valve

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37
Q

Mary has a dry mouth—very little saliva is being secreted. Digestion of which type of food will be affected (decreased) by this situation?

A

Starch (carbs)

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38
Q

Which organ is the only one that produces
enzymes capable of digesting all groups of food?

Where do the enzymes get released too?

A

pancreas

The duodenum

39
Q

What is the proper order of the following
stages of food processing—defecation, absorption, digestion, ingestion?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation

40
Q

How do mechanical breakdown and digestion
differ from each other?

A

Mechanical breakdown breaks food down physically by squeezing and pummeling it.

Digestion uses enzymes to break the chemical bonds of the food molecules and release the nutrients

41
Q

True or false: food in the GI tract is technically outside the body

A

True

42
Q

True or false: the serosa visceral peritoneum is continuous with the parietal peritoneum which lines the abdominopelvoc cavity

A

True

43
Q

True or false: the pharynx is made of skeletal muscle

A

True

44
Q

What are the nerve plexuses inside the alimentary canal?

What nervous system are they from?

What do they help do?

A

Submucosal
Myenteric

Autonomic parasympathetic nervous system

Submucosal = secretions
Myenteric = Movement

45
Q

Where does food enter the stomach from the esophagus?

Where does food leave the stomach for the small intestine?

A

Cardioesophageal sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

46
Q

How big is the stomach?

How much can a full stomach contain?

How does a stomach look when it’s empty?

A

-15-25cm in length
-diameter and volume depend on how much food it contains

A full stomach can hold up to 4lites (1gallon) of food

It collapses in on itself

47
Q

The stomach is a temporary __________ and the first site for food ____________

A

Storage tank

Breakdown

48
Q

What is chyme?

A

Digested food in the stomach that’s a heavy like cream

49
Q

Nearly all nutrient absorption happens in the ____________

A

Small intestine

50
Q

What are the 3 things you will find on the small intestine walls?

Why do we have them?

A

Circular folds- folds that form a corkscrew slide and make chyme travel slowly so it can be absorbed

Villi - fingerlike projections on circular folds that absorb nutrients

Microvilli (brush border) - fuzziness on villi that have enzymes to finish digestion

To increase surface area for absorption

51
Q

What is the pathway of the large intestine ? (7)

What does the large intestine do? (2)

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine? (5)

What is found in the large intestine?

A

Cecum > ascending colon > transverse colon > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > anal canal

-Drys out indigestible food by absorbing its water
-eliminate feces

-cecum
-appendix
-colon
-rectum
-anal canal

Goblet cells - make alkaline mucous to lubricate feces passageway

52
Q

Which part of your anus has smooth muscle?

Which part of your anus has skeletal muscle?

A

Internal anal sphincter

External anal sphincter

53
Q

What is peristalsis movement along the tract?

What is segmental movement along the tract?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle squeezing food along the digestive tract (most used)

Alternating contractions mix food along the tract by moving backward and forward

54
Q

True or false: food absorption occurs in the mouth

A

False - only in the small intestine

55
Q

The __________ secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

The __________ is the bone attached to the tongue.

A

Lingual frenulum

Hyoid bone

56
Q

What is the mucosa layer made of in the esophagus?

What is the mucosa layer made of in the rest of the GI tract?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial

Simple columnar epithelial

57
Q

In which of the 4 layers of the alimentary canal would you find blood vessels, nerve endings, MALT, and lymphatic vessels?

A

Submucosa

58
Q

The _________ layer of the alimentary canal has a longitudinal muscle layer and a circular muscle layer

A

Muscularis externa

59
Q

Why do microvilli, villi, and circular folds decrease towards the end of the small intestine, and peyers patches (lymphatic tissue) increase?

A

Because the remaining undigested food has large amounts of bacteria which must be prevented from entering the bloodstream

60
Q

What is a haustra ?

What is a rugae?

A

Large intestine pocketlike sacs of muscle bands

Folds in the stomach

61
Q

True or false: gravity plays no part in the transport of food once it has left the mouth

A

True

62
Q

What is in feces?

A

-undigested food residue
-mucus
-bacteria
-just enough water for passage

63
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

Can our body make them?

A

20

No we have to get them through our diet

64
Q

How is blood glucose kept in homeostasis by the pancreas?

A

High blood sugar level:
-sensed by beta cells
-pancreas releases insulin to blood
- liver and body cells store glucose as glycogen

Low blood sugar level:
-pancreas releases glucagon
-glycogen breaks down into glucose

65
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach from too top to bottom?

Most digestive activity happens in the ________ region of the stomach.

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pyloric

Pyloric

66
Q

True or false: the walls of the alimentary canal are made of the same 4 tissue layers

A

True - mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

67
Q

The outter most serosa layer is half a serous membrane pair, called the ______________. It lines the outside of the ____________. It is continuous with the ______________ which lines the inside of the _____________ cavity. Between them is the ___________ filled with serous fluid. The ________ is a membrane extension holding digestive organs in place and housing nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

A

Visceral peritoneum

Organs

Parietal peritoneum

Abdominopelvic

Peritoneal cavity

Mesentary

68
Q

Chief cells make the enzyme___________ which is inactive, unless mixed with ___________ made by ____________ will turn it into __________. We need this enzyme to digest ___________.

A

Pepsinogen

Hydrochloric acid

Parietal cells

Pepsin

Protein

69
Q

In the stomach, what is the third layer of the muscularis external called?

Is it on the outside or inside of the stomach?

Why do we have it?

A

Oblique layer

Inside

To mix and pummel food for mechanical digestion (physically breaking it down)

70
Q

True or false: physical and chemical digestion occurs in the stomach

A

True

71
Q

What protects the lining of the stomach?

What protects the small intestine from the hydrochloric acid from the stomach?

A

-Bicarbonate rich alkaline mucus from neck cells

-pancreatic juice neutralizes hydrochloric acid

72
Q

What are all the valves as they move along the digestive tract

A

Cardioesophageal > pyloric > ileocecal > internal anal sphincter > external anal sphincter

73
Q

Where do all the enzymes come from in the duodenum?

A

Small intestine cells

Pancreas enzymes from pancreatic ducts

Liver Bile from the bile duct

74
Q

True or false: the pancreatic and bile duct join together at the duodenum and enter together

A

True

75
Q

What are all the capillaries in each villi?

A

-Blood capillary
- lymph capillaries
- lacteal (fat absorbing lymphatic capillary)

76
Q

Why is the appendix a potential trouble spot?

A

Because bacteria can accumulate and multiply there leading to inflammation (appendicitis)

77
Q

True or false: some villi are present in the large intestine

A

False - only goblet cells

78
Q

What is the pancreas exocrine function?

What is the pancreas endocrine function?

A

Secreting enzymes into the duodenum that breaks down all food and alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic chyme

Makes hormones insulin and glucagon to keep blood sugar homeostasis

79
Q

correctly match the gastric gland cell with its secretion.
Cheif cell -
Neck cell -
Parietal cell -
Enteroendocrine cell -

A

Cheif cell - Pepsinogen (inactive pepsin)
Neck cell - mucus
Parietal cell - Hydrochloric acid and instrinsic factor
Enteroendocrine cell - gastrin

80
Q

What carries excess cholesterol from body cells to the liver?

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

81
Q

What organ manufactures and stores most of the body’s glycogen as a ready source of glucose?

A

liver

82
Q

What is amylase?

What is Pancreatic lipase?

A

enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

pancreas enzyme breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. It works with bile, which is produced by the liver, to digest fat.

83
Q

True or false: segmentation is an example of mechanical breakdown

A

True- it physically mixes the food

84
Q

How does fiber benefit us?

A

It has no nutritional value but helps move food along the tract by strengthening mass movement contractions and softening stool

85
Q

How do we digest carbohydrates? (6)

A

-Starch
-salivary amylase
-Pancreaatic amylase
-brush border (small intestine) enzyme break down lactose maltose and sucrose
1. Lactose > galactose and glucose
2. Maltose > glucose
3. Sucrose > glucose and fructose
-Glucose, galactose and fructose > villi > capillary > hepatic portal vein > liver

86
Q

How do we digest protein? (5)

A

-Protein
-Stomach pepsin
-Pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotypsin, and carboxypeptidase turn large polypeptides into small polypeptides
-Brush border enzymes in the small intestine (aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and dipeptidase) turn small polypeptides into amino acids
-Amino acids enter capillary in the villi and go to the hepatic portal vein to the liver

87
Q

What happens in the digestion of fat? (6)

A
  1. Unemulsified fat injested
  2. Mouth and stomach use lingual and gastric lipases
  3. Fats emulsified by bile salts from liver
  4. Pancreas uses lipase in small intestine
  5. Fat breaks into monoglycerides and fatty acids or glycerol and fatty acids
  6. Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter through villi lacteals to lymph thoracic duct to systemic circulation, and glycerol/fatty acids go to the hepatic portal vein to liver
88
Q

What is another name for the serosa layer?

A

Visceral peritoneum

89
Q

These 2 substances when they reach the small intestine are only partially digested: _________ and ________

These 2 substances haven’t been digested at all up until the small intestine: _________ and __________

A

Protein and carbs

Fats and nucleic acid

90
Q

Which 2 hormones influence the release of pancreatic juice and bile?

A

CCK and secretin

91
Q

Where does the absorption of water occur?

A

All along the small intestine

92
Q

What are mass movements?

A

Powerful waves in the large intestine that push feces to the rectum

93
Q

What are carbs, fat, and protein used for in the body?

A

Carbs = make ATP (energy)

Fat = cell membranes, myelin sheaths, insulate the body with a fatty cushion

Protein = building cells

Anatomy (14 decks)

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