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Anatomy > Chapter 14 Digestive > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Digestive Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Trace the path of food through the
    alimentary canal
A

mouth (oral cavity) > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine

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2
Q
  1. What are the four layers of the wall of the digestive tract from innermost to outtermost
A

-mucosa - surface epithelium
-submucosa
-muscularis externa - muscle layer
-serosa - visceral peritoneum

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3
Q
  1. Identify each of the hormones produced by the alimentary canal and other digestive
    system organs, and describe their functions
A

Stomach:
-Gastrin
-Histamine

Duodendrum:
-Intestinal gastrin
-Secretin
-Cholecystokinin (CCK)
-Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Both:
-Somatostatin

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4
Q
  1. What are the accessory digestive organs?
A

-teeth and tongue - break down food
-salivary glands - breaks down food
-liver -produces bile
-gallbladder - stores bile
-pancreas - has enzymes that break down all food

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5
Q
  1. List and describe the six main activities of
    the digestive system
A
  1. Ingestion - food goes into mouth
  2. Propulsion - food going from 1 organ to the next
  3. Food breakdown (mechanical) - food fragments into smaller particles
  4. Food breakdown (digestion) - food molecules are broken down into atoms by enzymes
  5. Absorption - atoms go to the blood stream or lymph from the small intestine
  6. defacation - elimination of indigestable residue via the anus
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6
Q
  1. Identify the names and describe the functions of the digestive enzymes for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids
A

Carbohydrates :
Maltose - malt sugar
Lactose - milk sugar
Sucrose - table sugar

Proteins - amino acids (intermediatly polypeptides)

Fats/lipids - fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleic acid - pancreas helps digest them

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7
Q
  1. Describe the circulation of blood within the digestive system and hepatic portal system
A

Hepatic portal vein drains digestive organs and delivers this blood to the liver to be detoxified before entering circulation

The hepatic portal circulation brings nutrient, rich blood draining from the digestive organs directly to the liver. The liver is the bodies, major metabolic organ, and this G2, that nutrients take through the liver ensures that the livers needs will be met first. As blood circulates slowly through the liver, liver cells, remove amino acids fatty, acids and glucose from the blood. These nutrients are stored for later use or processed in various ways.

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8
Q
  1. Describe the effects of aging on the
    digestive system
A

-muscular wall loses tone, causing constipation
-saliva and digestive enzymes decrease, slowing digestion
-taste and smell diminish
-loss of teeth
-less peristalis
-weakened gag reflex
-liver shrinks and less detoxification happens

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9
Q
  1. Describe the homeostatic relationship
    between the digestive system and other body
    systems.
A
  • Provides cells nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair
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10
Q
  1. Explain the importance of energy balance
    in the body, and indicate consequences of
    energy imbalance

Body energy balance
* energy intake
* energy output

A

Energy intake = total energy output
(heat + work + energy storage)

Energy intake is the energy liberated during food
oxidation—that is, during the reactions of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Energy output includes the energy we immediately lose as heat (about 60 percent of the total), plus energy used to do work (driven by ATP), plus energy that is stored in the form of fat or glycogen

When energy intake and energy output are balanced, body weight remains stable. When they are not, we either gain or lose weight. When energy intake and output are equal,
weight is stable.

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11
Q
  1. Define the terms basal metabolic rate
    (BMR) and total metabolic rate (TMR), and
    describe how influencing factors impact BMR

BMR and TMR
* definitions
* factors influencing
(surface area, sex,
thyroxine production,
age, emotions, illness

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - is the amount of
energy the body uses at rest to carry out essential life activities
∘ BMR is influenced by age, gender, and body
surface area, but the primary influencer is the
level of thyroxine, the major metabolic hormone produced by the thyroid gland

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR) - ) is the total number of kilocalories the body must consume to
fuel all activities
* 60 percent of food energy released is given off as heat; 40 percent is available to make ATP or
build body molecules; the hypothalamus regulates the body’s temperature

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12
Q
  1. Apply concepts of metabolism to potential
    patient problems
A

-Metabolic rate decreases after middle age; gallbladder problems and irritable bowel syndrome may occur at this time of life
-Cystic fibrosis (CF) primarily affects the lungs (see Chapter 13), but it also significantly impairs the activity of the pancreas. In CF,
huge amounts of mucus are produced, which block the passages of involved organs. Blockage of the pancreatic duct prevents pancreatic fluid from reaching the small intestine. As a result, fats and fat-soluble vitamins are not digested or absorbed, and bulky, fatladen stools result. This condition is usually handled by administering pancreatic enzymes with meals.
-Phenylketonuria (PKU) involves an inability
of tissue cells to use phenylalanine (fen0il-al9ahnin), an amino acid present in all protein foods. In such cases, brain damage and intellectual dysfunction occur unless a special diet low in phenylalanine is prescribed.

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13
Q

Which of the following is the major means of propelling the bolus and chyme through the digestive tract?

A

Peristalsis

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14
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

-Makes bile
-Stores Glycogen
-Detoxes drugs and alcohol

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15
Q

Most plant proteins are __________ amino acids.
Why?

Animal products are __________ amino acids.
Why?

A

incomplete
they lack one or more amino acids. Although they can be combined (such as beans and rice) to become complete.

complete
because they have all the essential amino acids required by the body.

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16
Q

What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal that lines the lumen.

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

Shaped like a worm, the appendix projects inferiorly from which region of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

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18
Q

Stomach cells release the hormone gastrin, which acts to __________.

A

increase the secretion of gastric juice

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19
Q

Along which segment of the alimentary canal does most of the absorption of digested foods occur?

A

Small intestine

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20
Q

What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal that lines the lumen.

A

Mucosa

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21
Q

Chief cells of the gastric glands secrete __________

A

pepsinogen

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22
Q

True or false: the large intestine has numerous goblet cells in its mucosa

A

true

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23
Q

True or false: the large intestine has longitudinal bands of muscle called teniae coli, which pucker to form small sacs called haustra.

True or false: the large intestine includes the cecum, the colon, and the rectum

A

True

True

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24
Q

Which duct empties bile into the hepatopancreatic ampulla, a bulblike structure that leads to the duodenum?

A

Bile duct

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25
Q

The __________ regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

A

pyloric sphinter

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26
Q

What organ produces enzymes capable of digesting all categories of digestible foods?

A

Pancreas

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27
Q

Select the correct order for the three segments of the small intestine as chyme flows through them from the stomach to the large intestine.

A

Duodenum > jejunum > ileum

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28
Q

What factors influence the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

What is TMR?

Is TMR equal to BMR?

A

-age, gender, thyroxine levels, strong emotions, and surface area in relation to body volume.

-The total metabolic rate (TMR) is the amount of energy required by the body to fuel all activities, including physical exercise. T

-The TMR is equal to the BMR plus the amount of energy associated with physical activity.

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29
Q

Which organ produces bile?

A

Liver

30
Q

The fingerlike projections of the small intestine mucosa, which are so important in nutrient absorption, are the __________

A

Villi

31
Q

What is the major source of fuel for making ATP in most body cells?

A

Glucose

32
Q

Which layer of the stomach wall is responsible for churning the food and moving it along the alimentary canal?

A

Muscularis Externa

33
Q

Which process in the liver refers to the formation of glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

34
Q

Which regions of the alimentary canal break down food both physically and chemically? (3)

A

-Stomach
-Small intestine
-Mouth

35
Q

True or false: the alimentary canal forms a continuous muscular tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.

A

True

36
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? (6)

What do they do?

A

-teeth
-tongue
-salivary glands
-pancreas
-liver
-gallbladder

Assist in the breakdown of food.

37
Q
  1. Define the terms metabolism, catabolism
    and anabolism
A

Metabolism - Chemical activity at the cellular level (to maintain cell life)

Anabolism - constructive metabolism; the creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules (ex., amino acids used by a cell to create a structural protein)

Catabolism - destructive metabolism; the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules (ex., energy from foods being released and captured to make ATP)

38
Q
  1. Describe the use of carbohydrates in cell
    metabolism
A

-the cells of the body use carbohydrates as their preferred fuel to produce cellular energy (ATP).
-Glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the major breakdown product of carbohydrate digestion.
-Glucose is also the major fuel used for making ATP in most body cells

39
Q
  1. Describe the use of fats in cell metabolism
A

-the liver handles most lipid, or fat, metabolism that goes on in the body.
-The liver cells use some fats to make ATP for their own use; use some to synthesize lipoproteins, hromboplastin (a clotting protein), and cholesterol; and then release the rest to the blood in the form of relatively small fat-breakdown products

-For fat products to be used for ATP synthesis, they must first be broken down to acetic acid

-When there is not enough glucose to fuel the needs of the cells for energy, larger amounts of fats are used to produce ATP

40
Q
  1. Describe the use of proteins in cell
    metabolism
A

-Proteins make up the bulk of cellular structures.
-Ingested proteins are broken down to amino acids.
-The cells remove amino acids from
the blood and use them to build proteins, both for their own use (enzymes, membranes, mitotic spindle proteins, muscle proteins) and for export
(mucus, hormones, and others).

41
Q
  1. Identify the cellular organelles involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
A

Citric acid cycle - Mitochondria produces carbon dioxide
Glycolysis- cytosol splits glucose molecule to make ATP

42
Q
  1. Describe the metabolic roles of the liver including regulation of blood glucose homeostasis, and cholesterol metabolism
A

-liver maintains blood glucose levels in normal range

-cholesterol is broken down in bile salts, which leave in feces

43
Q
  1. Identify and describe the role of the
    pancreas in blood glucose regulation.
A

The pancreas acts like a “sugar thermostat.” It keeps your blood sugar balanced:

Too high? It releases insulin to lower it.
Too low? It releases glucagon to raise it.

44
Q
  1. Explain how homeostasis of blood glucose levels is maintained, including identification of the receptor, control centre, and effector, and
    apply this knowledge
A

When the blood glucose level is rising, the
liver removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen (glycogenesis). When the blood glucose level falls, the liver breaks down stored glycogen (glycogenolysis) and makes new glucose from amino acids and fats (gluconeogenesis). The glucose is then released to the blood
to restore homeostasis of blood sugar.
Receptor: level of blood glucose (rising or falling)
Conrol Centre: liver
Effector: High amounts - Glucose converted to
glycogen and stored
Low amounts - Stored glycogen
converted to glucose and Amino acids and fats
converted to glucose

45
Q
  1. Explain how cholesterol is transported in the body
A

Fatty acids, fats, and cholesterol are insoluble in
water, so they cannot circulate freely in the bloodstream. Instead they are transported bound to the small lipid-protein complexes called lipoproteins. Although the entire story is complex, the important thing to know is that the low-density lipoproteins, or LDLs, transport cholesterol and other lipids to body cells, where they are used in various ways.

46
Q

In which organ of the alimentary canal does protein digestion begin?

A

Stomach

47
Q

The stomach epithelium secretes several substances, including alkaline mucus and intrinsic factor. What is the function of each of these two secretions?

A

Alkaline mucus protects the stomach wall from being digested.

Intrinsic factor is needed for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.

48
Q

Which muscular sphincter regulates the flow of
chyme into the small intestine?

A

The pyloric sphincter

49
Q

What are villi, and why are they important?

A

Villi are extensions of the mucosa of the small
intestine. They increase the surface area of the small intestine tremendously for nutrient absorption

50
Q

What are the two main functions of the large
intestine?

A

Water absorption and absorption of some vitamins made by resident bacteria.

51
Q

What is the general function of each of the four
types of teeth?

A
  • incisors cut,
  • canines tear or pierce,
  • premolars
  • molars crush and grind
52
Q

Mary has a dry mouth—very little saliva is being
secreted. Digestion of which type of food will be
affected (decreased) by this situation?

A

Starch.
Saliva contains salivary amylase.

53
Q

What is the digestive role of bile? What organ
produces bile?

A

Bile, produced and secreted by the
liver, acts as a detergent to mechanically
break up large fat masses into
smaller ones for enzymatic digestion

54
Q

Which organ is the only one that produces
enzymes capable of digesting all groups of food?

A

pancreas

55
Q

What is the proper order of the following
stages of food processing—defecation, absorption, digestion, ingestion?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation

56
Q

How do mechanical breakdown and digestion
differ from each other?

A

Mechanical breakdown breaks
food down physically by squeezing
and pummeling it. Digestion uses
enzymes to break the chemical bonds
of the food molecules and release the
nutrients

57
Q

True or false: food in the GI tract is technically outside the body

A

True

58
Q

True or false: the serosa visceral peritoneum is continuous with the parietal peritoneum which lines the abdominopelvoc cavity

A

True

59
Q

True or false: the pharynx is made of skeletal muscle

A

True

60
Q

What are the nerve plexuses inside the alimentary canal?

What nervous system are they from?

What do they help do?

A

Submucosal
Myenteric

Autonomic nervous system

Movement and mucous secretion

61
Q

Where does food enter the stomach from the esophagus?

Where does food leave the stomach for the small intestine?

A

Cardioesophageal sphinter

Pyloric sphinter

62
Q

How big is the stomach?

How much can a full stomach contain?

How does a stomach look when it’s empty?

A

-15-25cm in length
-diameter and volume depend on how much food it contains

A full stomach can hold up to 4lites (1gallon) of food

It collapses in on itself

63
Q

The stomach it a temporary __________ and is a site for food ____________

A

Storage tank

Breakdown

64
Q

What is chyme?

A

Digested food in the stomach that’s a heavy like cream

65
Q

Nearly all nutrient absorption happens in the ____________

A

Small intestine

66
Q

What are the 3 things you will find on the small intestine walls?

Why do we have them?

A

Villi - fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients
Microvilli (brush border) - fuzziness on villi that have enzymes to finish digestion
Plicae circulares (circular folds) - folds that form a corkscrew slide and make chyme travel slowly so it can be absorbed

To increase surface area for absorption

67
Q

What does the large intestine do?

What are the parts of the large intestine?

What is found in the large intestine?

A

Drys out indigestible food with water

-cecum
-appendix
-colon
-rectum
-anal canal

Goblet cells that make alkaline mucous that lubricators feces passageway

68
Q

Which part of your anus has skeletal muscle?

Which part has smooth muscle?

A

External anal sphincter

Internal anal sphincter

69
Q

True or false: bile contains enzymes

A

False

70
Q

What is peristalsis?

What is segmental movement?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle wall to propel food along the digestive tract

Food moves backward and forward by segments and mixed rather than just going forward

71
Q

True or false: food absorption occurs in the mouth

A

False - only in the small intestine

Anatomy (12 decks)

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