Chapter 3 Flashcards
- Describe the components of the plasma
membrane
- Plasma membranes are the skin of the cell
- It is semi permeable because it lets in some things are not others
- The membrane is made of phospholipids whose heads are attracted to water and tails are hydro-phobic scared of water.
o Heads are on the outside of the skin and the two tails touch on the inside - Components in the phospholipid membrane:
o Proteins – transport material across the membrane
o Carbohydrates – stick out from the cell on the outside, receptors
o Cholesterol – gives rigidity to membrane
- Describe the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
- Junctions connect two cells together
o Tight junctions – zipper like water tight seal, ex. Bladder needs to be water tight
o Desmosomes – rivets between 2 cells that allow flow between them ex. Skin, intentines
o Gap – tunnel between 2 cells that allows passing of substances between them
What is the nucleus?
- Nucleus – headquarters or control center of the cell
o Its function is to build proteins to make the human body using the DNA and genes it has
- Describe the structure and function of the cytoplasm
- Cytoplasm is the gel inside the cell
- Giving the cell its shape, helps material pass from one organelle to another
- Describe the structure and functions of each cytoplasmic organelle.
- Mitochondria – break down food releasing energy (ATP molecules) which powerhouse the cell
- Ribosomes – chefs making proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - (super highway of a cell) transport vehicles with membrane tunnels that are circulatory system of a cell, carrying proteins around the cell (can be rough or smooth)
- Golgi apparatus – (traffic director of proteins) modifying, packaging, and shipping proteins
- Lysosomes – (Garbagemen of unusable cell content) cellular stomachs digesting cell debris and unusable cell structures
- Peroxisomes – (policemen) disarm dangerous substances like alcohol or poisonous substances
- Centrioles – used during cell division, rod shaped
- Explain the difference between passive and active transport across the plasma membrane.
- Passive transport – When things just pass through the membrane
- Active transport – cell uses energy (ATP) to cross through the membrane
What is diffusion, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
- Diffusion - following the concentration gradient
- Simple diffusion – molecule passes through membrane unassisted
- Facilitated (helped) diffusion – molecule is assisted passing through the membrane by proteins
o The membrane changes the molecule chemically
- Define the process of osmosis
- Osmosis - water through a membrane
- Water is a gold digger and follows solutes wherever there are more
- Define tonicity and describe how it relates to osmosis.
- Tonicity - Solution changing the size of the cells water content
- Hypotonic = more water, less solutes hippos love water, inflated the cell
o this low concentration of solutes will be attracted to inside the cell (good for dehydrated people) - Hypertonic solution – more solutes in the solution, than inside the cell, deflates cell
o Given to patients who have swelling in their cells due to water retention - Isotonic solution - no changes in Cells, have the same water and solute concentration as cells do
- Define osmotic pressure and explain how it relates to fluid movement across the plasma membrane.
- Osmotic pressure – when the pressure stops the water from going in the cell
the more solutes in the water give it more pressure and the exact pressure where the flow of water stops is the osmotic pressure
o Higher concentration of solutes attract more water, and a higher pressure would be needed to stop the water flow from coming in
What is filtration and how does it move things across the plasma membrane?
What is a pressure gradient?
Filtration - pressure push things through the membrane
o A pressure gradient pushs high pressure solutes through a filter into a low pressure area against its concentration gradient
- Define exocytosis and endocytosis
- Exocytosis – exits things out of cell such as hormones or mucus
- Endocytosis – take things into the cell
Both use ATP (energy) in the membrane
- Describe the impact of aging on the cell
Slow healing
Less cell division
Less energy being made
- Review the definition of a tissue
- Tissue – groups of cells that are similar in function and structure
- List the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories
Muscle – movement
Epithelial - covering
Nervous - control
Connective - support
What are epithelial tissues?
- Covers and lines all free body surfaces, it protects the body, absorbs, filters, and secretes. It protects from the outside of skin to absorbing inside the digestive system
- Form continuous sheets in one or many layers
- Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands
- The two glands from epithelial sheets are:
o Endocrine – secreteing hormones, ductless
o Exocrine – Have ducts that secrete onto the epithelial surface (sweat, oil glands etc.)
What are the different types of structure of epithelium tissue
simple - single layer
Stratified - multiple layers
squamous – scale shape
cuboidal – cube shaped
columnar – column shape
- Pseudostratified columnar – single layer that appears like its not, column shape, absorption and secretes the respiratory tract
- What is connective tissue
Connects body parts and is the most tissue we have
What are the different types of connective tissue (5)
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Blood – vascular tissue because of blood cells and blood plasma
They all support, protect, cushion, insulate, and bind together
- Describe muscle tissue.
Muscle tissue contracts/shortens which produces movement
- Describe each type of muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle tissue (heart)
- Skeletal muscle tissue (on bones)
- Smooth muscle tissue (in the walls of organs, help organs move substances)
- Identify the two types of cells in nervous tissue.
- neurons – receive and send impulses from one part of the body to another
- neuroglia – protect the neurons in the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
- Describe the impact of aging on tissues and membranes
- Slower repair and regeneration
- Decreased function
- Thin and weak membranes
You swallow a polymer (complex molecule) to get a _________ (simple molecule)
Monomer
What are the three main components of cytoplasm?
- Cytosol - fluid
- Organelles
- Inclusions - not always included
What are the three types of cell extensions?
- Cilia - crowd surfing things along the cells surface
- Flagella - propels the cell (motor) ex. Sperm cell
- Microvilli - give the cell more surface for absorption
What are the three locations that fluid can be found in the body?
- INTRA cellular - fluid in cell
- EXTRA cellular - fluid not in cell
- INTER cellular - fluid between two cells (intersection)
What is a solute and what is a solvent?
A solute is salt, and a solvent is liquid solution (mixture)
Which type of muscle tissue is has voluntary movement?
Skeletal muscle (moving your skeleton)
Your scapula and scapular region is where?
The wings on your back
What is your plantar region?
Foot
What is the different between rough and smooth ER?
Rough transports proteins
Smooth transports enzymes and fat
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network in cytoplasm including microfilaments and microtubules to support organelles and transport within the cell
What does it mean that molecules move down their concentration gradient?
Molecules spread out from high concentration to low concentration (diffusion) like a teabag spreading out in a cup
What happens to the cell during mitosis?
I - interphase - no changes to cell
P - prophase - centrioles go to opposite sides of cell and put chromosomes on their spindles to be pushed into the middle
M - metaphase - chromosomes line in middle
A - anaphase - chromosomes split and move away from each other
T - telephase - cell divides
What is the basement membrane?
The first layer and glue holding the epithelium tissue in place
What does avascular mean?
No blood supply of their own
Simple epithelial tissue are more concerned with ____________ and stratified epithelial tissue are more concerned with _____________
Simple: absorption, secretion, diffusion, filtration (because it’s only 1 layer)
Stratified: protection (because of its multiple layers)
What are the 3 main types of loose connective tissue?
- Areolar - cobwebs protecting organs
- Adipose - fat beneath the skin
- Reticular - bleachers for cells inside organs
